Free High School Science Fair Projects

It can be a challenge to come up with a science fair project idea. There is fierce competition to come up with the coolest idea, plus you need a topic that is considered appropriate for your educational level. Key Takeaways: High School Science Fair Project Ideas For a high school project, students typically select their own project idea, conduct the experiment, and report the results without much parent or teacher aid.Most high school projects are based on the scientific method. Its common to propose and test a hypothesis.Projects with real-world applications are particularly welcome. High school students can identify and solve problems in their own communities. Problems may include topics such as resource availability, resource cost or efficiency, waste management, or data collection. These science fair project ideas are arranged by topic, but you might like to take a look at ideas according to education level, too. You can always reignite your inspiration at a summer science program, too. Lead test kits are available at home supply stores. Are common products truly lead-free? Items to test might include toys, jewelry, craft supplies, or cosmetics.Carbon monoxide detectors are also readily available. Test student homes for carbon monoxide (most often produced when homes are being heated) and propose ways to reduce levels. Another option is to test different parts of the school!Identify common household products that pose a risk to the environment.Which type of light bulb is the best in terms of cost? Which is the most friendly to the environment?Are night insects attracted to lamps because of heat or light?Can you identify any natural mosquito repellents?Does magnetism affect the growth of plants?Does storage temperature affect the pH of juice?Does the presence of cigarette smoke affect the growth rate of plants?Does eating breakfast have an effect on school performance? Does it matter what you eat?Do the same types of mold grow on all types of bread?Does light affect the rate at which foods spoil?Do foods containing preservatives stay fresh longer than foods without them?How does time or season of harvest affect the chemistry and nutritional content of food?How long do home hair coloring products hold their color? Does brand matter? Does type of hair affect colorfastness? How does previous treatment (perming, previous coloring, straightening) affect initial color intensity and colorfastness?Do all dishwashing detergents produce the same amount of bubbles? Clean the same number of dishes?Is the nutritional content of different brands of a vegetable (e.g., canned peas) the same?How permanent are permanent markers?Do plant-based insect repellents work as well as synthesized chemical repellents?What are some natural ways to color food?Is laundry detergent as effective if you use less than the recommended amount? More?Is bottled water more pure than tap water?What type of invisible ink is the most invisible?How does the pH of juice change with time?D o all hairsprays hold equally well? Equally long? Does type of hair affect the results?How does the rate of evaporation of the crystal-growing medium affect the final size of the crystals?You will usually heat water or another liquid to dissolve a solid to grow your crystals. Does the rate at which this liquid is cooled affect the way the crystals grow?What effect do additives have on the crystals?How do different fertilizers affect the way plants grow?What chemical is best at melting ice from a walkway or road?Does using colored mulch have an effect on a plant?How do different factors affect seed germination? Factors that you could test include the intensity, duration, or type of light, the temperature, the amount of water, the presence/absence of certain chemicals, or the presence/absence of soil. You can look at the percentage of seeds that germinate or the rate at which seeds germinate.How are plants affected by the distance between them?How heavy is the average backpack at scho ol when a student brings it in?How do various chemical treatments affect seed germination rates?What conditions affect the ripening of fruit?How much of your household waste can you turn into compost?What type of shoe sole get best traction? Is more slippery?How are different soils affected by erosion?Do people who exercise a lot eat the same number of calories as those who exercise less?

Teaching And Methods Of Teaching Essay - 2222 Words

Although the greater population will support the favored belief that creativity is innate and is a trait that cannot be taught, my experiences help prove that the creative thinking process is in fact a skill, or trait, that can be taught and encouraged to others. Some may argue that the teaching process does not effect one’s creativity, but according to Paulo Freire’s, â€Å"‘Banking’ Concept of Education,† teaching and methods of teaching directly affect how one expresses their creative thinking— whether its being oppressed or expressed. This not only supports the fact that creativity can be taught, but it also proves that creativity can be shown—or not shown— on varying levels depending on the method of teaching being used. Unfortunately, current methods of teaching and the need for the students to meet state standards is leading to the phenomenon known as, the â€Å"creativity crisis,† thus meaning that creativity in t he United States is on the decline. In order to regain control of our nation’s creativity levels, we must start with our grade obsessive educational systems and the methods of teaching being used within America’s classrooms. The â€Å"creativity crisis† seems to have become an ever growing problem in America since it started in1990— and now its repercussions are more problematic than ever before. Our economy is in a high demand for creative thinkers, but unfortunately, America’s educational systems are producing fewer and fewer creative students. It is theShow MoreRelatedTeaching Methods And Styles Of Teaching848 Words   |  4 PagesEvery boss or teacher has his or her own teaching or leadership styles. There are various factors that determine one’s teaching method including the school mission, students’ likes and dislikes, number of students in a class, teacher’s educational philosophy, subjects they teach, and the purpose o f instructions intended to be given to students (John 24). So, every teacher should choose a favorable method to teach students. This paper wishes to compare and contrast the styles of two of my teachersRead MoreTeaching Methods Of Teaching And Learning Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pages ‘Pedagogy’ is the term which is used to describe different practices of teaching and learning. Teaching Australia (2008) defined pedagogy as ‘the art and science of educating children, the strategies for using teacher professional knowledge, skills and abilities in order to foster good learning outcomes’ (p.3). Teaching and learning is a two-way process. Teachers choose the effective instruction modes to disseminate knowledge. Students adapt to different learning styles and use different learningRead MoreTeaching Methods For Teaching And Learning1809 Words   |  8 Pages Teaching Methods Introduction Although teaching and learning are closely related, they are different. Good teaching is measured by the quality of learning a student is getting as measured by the information the students will then have gained knowledge of. There is a high degree of connection between what has been learned by students and how they then grade the teacher and the subject area. Cohen, 1981; Theall and Franklin, (2001), postulate that learners awarded high marks to their teachersRead MoreTeaching Methods : Teaching And Learning2900 Words   |  12 Pageseducation in teaching and learning methods, there has been high demand to modernise teaching and learning methods from different stakeholders in learning fraternity , increased demand for Value for money in education and teaching has contributed in more student focused teaching methods as compared to traditional method. The modern teaching method has great emphasis on quality and student centred teaching techniques which has proved more productive than the teacher lead methods, according toRead MoreTeaching Methods And Strategies For Teaching Styles866 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate on what kind of teaching styles work best, what the best curriculum to teach is, or how to effectively organize your classroom. Yet, nobody has discovered what the most effective teaching methods are. As future teachers, we must constantly be making decisions that will shape us into the teacher we would like to become. Over the course of the next four years, and even once we become teachers with classrooms of our own, we will be exposed to many different teaching methods and strategies. ThereRead MoreTraditional Teaching Method Versus New Teaching Method1262 Words   |  6 Pagesgenerations which are considered the drive to innovation, social and economical growth (Damodharan Rengarajan 07). As mentioned by Damodharan an d Rengarajan, the measure of efficiency in teaching narrows down to the methodology used in the teaching system. Frankly speaking, if we consider the available methods for teaching, the debate will definitely occur between the traditional teacher-centered systems versus more contemporary student – centered approach. Being told what to do to get an A is not simplyRead MoreTeaching Methods And Strategies For Teaching Reading2069 Words   |  9 PagesTeaching Methods and Strategies for Teaching Reading to a Functional Skills Classroom What are the most effective teaching methods for teaching reading to students with intellectual disabilities? Students with intellectual disabilities have severe deficits in language and memory that causes difficulty in learning to read (Allor, Mathes, Champlin, Cheatham, 2009). The teaching method most commonly used to teach students with intellectual disabilities to read was to memorize sight words (AllorRead MoreThe Evaluation Of Teaching Methods1677 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluation of Teaching Methods In US Universities Even the smartest students have certain classes that they cannot focus in, no matter how hard they try. Everyone knows that no one is exactly the same; for example, identical twins may look identical at first glance, if you look more closely, you will notice differences between the two. This basic concept applies to teachers and professors too. Every teacher has a different teaching method, some people may think that the teaching methods are the sameRead MoreTeaching Methods Reflection1216 Words   |  5 Pagesmy beliefs about teaching; I came to understand that there are many different theories and methods that can be tailored to suit the teacher and the needs of the student. The readings, especially those from Lyons, G., Ford, M., Arthur-Kelly, M. (2011), Groundwater-Smith, S., Ewing, R., Le Cornu, R. (2007), and Whitton, D., Barker, K., Nosworthy, M., Sinclair, C., Nanlohy, P. (2010), have helped me to understand this in particular. In composing my essay about teaching methods and other themes,Read More Teaching Methods Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesTeaching Methods What are educators everywhere screaming about science? Hands-on activities, please! Educators now believe, Science will touch children, if you let them get their hands on it. Gone are the days of sitting in a desk, memorizing formulas, and listening to boring lectures. Nowadays, teachers are putting aside the pencil and paper, if only for a while, in exchange for a keen use of the senses. In The Learning Cycle, for example, students experiment with a hands-on activity before

Critique of Health Related Information Sources Free Essays

Critique of Health Related information sources Abstract Background – The internet is a vast source of information containing over 70 000 health related sites and discerning credible sites can often be a challenging task. It is important however so that reliable information can be obtained. Methods – A series of critique questions were devised to determine the credibility of a health based online journal article and health based website. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique of Health Related Information Sources or any similar topic only for you Order Now Questions were determined according to guidelines based on accuracy, links to authority, current relevance, scope of coverage, objectivity and design of each source advised by Hendrix and Winters (2001) [2]. Findings – Journal Article; was deemed a credible source coming from a peer reviewed journal with many credible references and no apparent bias or conflict of interest. The main author had significant authority and relevance in the given field and discussions were examined in depth. Most limitations are accounted for though no mention was made regarding possible complications of using slightly out dated data. Findings – Website; was deemed a non-credible source according the critique questions. Very few authors could be linked to articles and most articles were associated with product promotion indicating high levels of bias. While articles were maximum 4 years old, no references were made to original findings and therefore age and accuracy of data could not be confirmed. Conclusion – keeping in mind critiquing criteria is important when discerning any information sourced from the internet whether it is peer-reviewed or not as this does not guarantee 100% credibility. The website chosen was relatively easy to discern. More thought and critical thinking would be required to discern more popular health websites. Introduction Websites can be created by anyone with access to a computer and internet [1] and are subject too misleading or incorrect information whether accidentally or maliciously [2]. There are over 70 000 health-related websites available [3] the form of journals, websites, blogs, other social media, the list goes on. As a health professional, one needs to be aware of the extensive amounts of new and existing research available over the internet, but also how to valuate, discern and decide which information is reliable. Deciding the credibility of a website is not always straight forward. Research shows that even credible websites may not necessarily always provide highly accurate health information [4]. A study found internet to be a desirable medium used by collage students with 74% of participants obtaining health information from the internet via websites such as Yahoo, Ask Jeeves an d health. com [5]. Some of these sites may seem reputable but are not subject to peer-reviewing. Information subject to peer-review, such as online journals, is significantly more likely to be credible and contain reliable information [6]. The aim of this report is to evaluate and critique, two health related internet sources, a journal article ‘Energy density of foods and beverages in the Australian food supply: influence of macronutrients and comparison to dietary intake’ [7] and a website ‘Goodhealth. com’ [8] Methods Sources were critiqued based on criteria adapted from Hendrix and Winters (2001) [2]. Detailed questions were answered in regards to the following topics; accuracy, links to authority, current relevance, scope of coverage, objectivity and design of each source. This information was then critically analysed to determine the reliability and credibility of each source. Findings Journal Article – Energy density of foods and beverages in the Australian food supply: influence of macronutrients and comparison to dietary intake. [7] This article explores the relationship between energy density and the percentage of energy as fat, carbohydrate or percent water weight of individual foods and beverages listed in the 1999 Australian Food and Nutrient Database [9] composed by Food Standards Australia and New Zealand [10], as well as Australian dietary intake data obtained from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey (9). Links are made between relationships found in this and other studies towards the increase in overweight and obesity in Australia and worldwide. Analysis This is a peer-reviewed study sourced from the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, straight away indicating likely reliability. Methods, while generally clear, failed to sufficiently describe how energy density was calculated for Australian dietary intake data. Logical assumptions can be made as to how this was done, but further clarity is required. Data used was collected from 3673 individual foods, 247 beverages and dietary information from 13 858 people. This high volume of information and participants allowed for greater range of variances and increased reliability of findings. Results clearly presented findings and statistical evidence to support relationships (or lack of) between energy density and main macronutrient energy source. The article is well referenced, citing 23 references, particularly articles from the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition plus other journals and databases such as the Australian Food and Nutrient Database. According to SciVerse Scopus [7] this article is cited in 13 additional articles. Author, TC Crowe, Associate Professor and academic at the School of Exercise and nutrition at Deakin University has been involved with many studies prior to and since this article [11,12]. Though published in 2004, all the data used is from 1999 and 1995, making it slightly outdated. Due to the nature of the study, date is an unlikely relevant criteria. It is possible an influx of new products could have affected results of the study, though for this to be determined, a similar study would need to be carried out using the most recent AusNut from 2007 [9] . Recent studies that support the findings of this article are referenced throught the discussion, though most focus more on the relationship between energy density and overweight and obesity problems. As this is published in a nutrition journal, it can be assumed that the target audience is a combination of health professionals, academics, university students and government officials. The depth in which the article explains its findings is thorough yet simple, making it easy to understand even without a health or science background. The results section visually represents the data so that relationships can easily be seen and supports with appropriate statistical evidence. The discussion section does not go into great scientific detail but includes supporting information from other studies and focuses on the relationships between energy density and macronutrients and the links towards overweight and obesity issues. There is no apparent evidence towards any conflict of interest regarding the main author and study. Crowe was guarantor and involved in all stages of the study with support from the remaining authors [7]. Data used was collected by independent organisations, which further eliminates any possibility of any bias while publication in a European journal increases credibility from an Australian circle to a more global view. This is an observational study design which provides level III-3 evidence according to the NHMRC guidelines [13]. The design of the methods allowed results to be presented in a clear and concise manner, easily portraying the studies findings. The study acknowledges that it was, however, limited by the following; 1. Population daily food intake was collected over a 24 hour time period. Dietary habits are subject to change daily and different days could present different results. 2. No weighting system was used regarding daily food intake thus may lead to bias by under or over representing a particular food. 3. Comparisons cannot be made between individual foods and population daily intake due to differences in data sets. Other limiting factors may include differences in food consumption habits and availability between 1995 and 1999. Evaluation The evaluation provides sufficient information to determine this study is a reliable source. While there is some room for improvement in methods and certain limitations need to be noted, it comes from a reliable source and cites many articles from similarly reliable sources. There are no apparent conflicts of interest and whilst slightly outdated, the results are not likely to vary greatly over time. Health Related Website – www. goodhealth. com. au The website titled ‘Good Health Now! ’ [9] is a small collection of health related articles ranging from 2009 to 2012 along with links to recent health related news articles from ABC News [14] and Natural news [15]. Many (non news) articles have an external link located within the article. The website is well presented, aesthetically pleasing and seems to supply a varied range of health topics. After short investigation, however, it is apparent information on each topic Is quite limited. Analysis When looking at the accuracy of the website there appears to be no process in which the information has been reviewed or critically analysed before being posted. No references are found within the text nor listed at the end with the exception of one article, which had a direct link to an article from the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition [16]. There were however, links in many articles to generally unfamiliar sites relating to the issue of discussion, often offering a product or service. While ABC News appears a reputable source, some headline appear to have authors and quotes or references while others appear to be press releases containing relatively general and basic information. Articles within the website have 1 of 3 author names; Admin, Katrina or Guest. Searching Admin or Katrina produced no information though some information could be found regarding the Guest articles. The end of each Guest article presented a small biography titled either Author Bio, Bio or no heading at all. Those without the heading Author Bio assumed the biography was not regarding the article author. While it is possible to contact site administrators through the site, not contact information is available. Accounting these factors no judgment can be made on any authors level of authority or expertise with the exception of the few named Guest authors where further research would need to be done. Considering the high number of links to related sites promoting products, there is a strong bias towards product awareness, particularly regarding Guest articles. No specific ‘last update’ date was found on the website though each article states the publishing date. Articles range in date from 2009 to 2012 appearing relatively current, however the audience are unable to determine the age of the data this information was sourced from. Aimed at health conscious adults, the website boasted a motto of ‘enabling all the live a healthy, happy life’ with a not so hidden agenda towards advertisement and product promotion. While some articles provided some detailed information many were lacking in detail. The provided a brief overview to draw the customer in [17] but then required them to search further if truly interested. Language and detail was very simple therefore there was lots of room for improvement in detail and coverage of article in general. Evaluation While initially appearing professional, lack of evidence and references significantly demises the source’s credibility, with the high amount of product promotion suggesting excessive levels of bias in featured articles. Combined with lack of detailed, sufficient information this site appears to be neither reliable nor credible. Conclusion Completion of reviewing sources illustrates the importance of evaluating information found on the internet. The critiquing criteria used provided a solid guide to deciphering the reliability of each source. While journal articles are generally deemed a reliable source care must be taken to ensure they are peer-reviewed, even then, this does not guarantee 100% reliability. Consequently, the critiquing criteria should always be kept in mind. Lack of credibility of the Good Health Now! 9] website was quickly apparent once investigation started. A lot more attention and investigation would be required if investigating more well known health websites such as health. com or WebMD. Credibility is a lot less apparent and investigation would become significantly more reliant on the critiquing framework. ? References (1) McGowan J. Evidence-based health care and the Internet . Canadian Medical Association. Journal 1998 Oct 06;159(7):843-843. (2) Hendrickx L, Winters C. Evaluating healthcare information on the Internet: Guidelines for nurses. Crit Care Nurse 2001;21(2):62-5, 67-8. 3) Ahmann E. Supporting families’ savvy use of the Internet for health research. Pediatr Nurs 2000;26(4):419-23. (4) Kunst H, Groot D, Latthe PM, Latthe M, Khan KS. Accuracy of information on apparently credible websites: Survey of five common health topics. Br Med J 2002 Mar 09;324(7337):581-2. (5) Escoffery C, Miner KR, Adame DD, Butler S, al e. Internet Use for Health Information Among College Students. Journal of American College Health 2005;53(4):183-8. (6) Lazaroiu G. The Quality and Credibility of Process Control in Research. Economics, Management and Financial Markets 2012;7(2):185-191. 7) Crowe TC, La Fontaine ,H. A. , Gibbons CJ, Cameron-Smith D, Swinburn BA. Energy density of foods and beverages in the Australian food supply: Influence of macronutrients and co mparison to dietary intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58(11):1485-91. (8) Good Health Now! [internet] No Date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. goodhealth. com. au/ (9) Australian Food and Nutrient Database (1999): Australian and New Zealand Food Authority. Available from: http://www. foodstandards. gov. au/ (10) McLennan W ; Podger A (1998); National Nutrition Survey. Nutrient Intakes and Physical Measurements, Catalogue No. 4805. 0 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (11) Crowe TC, Cameron-Smith D. Low-carbohydrate diets in Australia: prevalence and public perceptions. Med J Aust 2005 Jun 06;182(11):594-5. (12) Crowe TC, Seligman SA, Copeland L. Inhibition of enzymic digestion of amylose by free fatty acids in vitro contributes to resistant starch formation. J Nutr 2000;130(8):2006-8. (13) Australian Government – National Health and Medical Research Council. NHMRC Levels of Evidence and Grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines. 2009 Dec. 14) ABC News [Internet] No date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. abc. net. au/news/ (15) NaturalNews. com [Internet] Not date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. naturalnews. com/index. html (16) Njike V, Faridi Z, Dutta S, Gonzalez-Simon A, Katz DL. Daily egg consumption in hyperlipidemic adults – Effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk. Nutri tion Journal 2010;9(1):n/a. (17) Good Health Now! – True Causes of Diabetes [internet] No Date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. goodhealth. com. au/220/conditions/diabetes/the-true-causes-of-diabetes/ How to cite Critique of Health Related Information Sources, Papers

Laboratory – Professional Work Experience

Question: Describe about the Laboratory Professional Work Experience of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney? Answer: The clinical experience relates to the learning and skills acquired during the professional tenure at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. The experience in Central Specimen Reception (CSR), Biochemistry Laboratory, Blood Bank and Anatomical Pathology departments of the hospital provided an insight of the various clinical perspectives in context to the methodology adopted during numerous medical investigation processes executed within the hospital premises. The preliminary intent of these laboratory processes relates to the evaluation and identification of the potential disease mechanisms and their manifestations with respect to the etiology and prognostic factors. The execution of various laboratory interventions in the role of clinical analyst provided an opportunity to understand the criteria, requirements, context, protocols and risk factors associated with the clinical investigation methods practiced within the hospital confinement. Additionally, the clinical experience provided opportunities to evaluate the ethical concerns, health insurance protocols, revenue cycle management and safety parameters in context to the operational processes related to the health care system. The biochemistry laboratory department caters the requirements for conducting various clinical investigative services following the physicians recommendation. The antibody screening procedures, including immunoassays in the lab employed to investigate the etiology in context to the infectious processes invading the human body. The major challenge encountered in proceeding with the enzymatic and antibody identification protocols relates to the selection of the pure antigen to acquire specificity in the antiglobulin analysis (Wild, 2005:p. 153). The learning outcome pertaining to the immunoassay protocol includes the acquisition of the skills related to storage and purification of the specimen for efficient processing to obtain accurate results from the sample analysis. The hematological investigative procedures including antigen typing rendered in the blood bank assists in evaluating Rh profile of the individuals in context to the studied specimen (Ochei Kolhatkar, 2000:p.359). The p atterns of Rh antibodies of the studied population determine immunochemistry of the blood samples helpful during the blood transfusion processes. The ABO and RH grouping methods learned during the tenure in hospital attribute to analyzing the serology in context to the haemolytic conditions of the patients (Lockyer, 1982:p.37). The management of the clinical record pertaining to the analysis of hematological studies and discrepancy management between the outcomes of the ABO and Rh (D) analysis are some of the key skills acquired while working in the blood bank. The execution of master titration procedures acquired in immunohaematological evaluation for determining haemolytic conditions include the techniques warranting careful dilution of samples and use of appropriate pipette under optimal conditions for precisely conceiving the titration measurements to confirm or rule out haemolytic abnormality (Sood, 2006:p.17). The cold agglutinin-screening exam in the blood banks assists in id entifying the pathophysiology of anaemia and cold agglutinin disorder patterns among the affected patients (Hillyer, 2007:p.564). The capacity to efficiently explore and analyze the functionality of the complement systems on the blood cells membranes and clinically correlating the findings with the probability of the haemolytic condition proved to be the potential learning outcome of this laboratory evaluation protocol. The mechanism of step down units in blood bank refers to rendering supporting services in cases of urgently required blood transfusions. The compatibility testing methodology employed in identifying the cross matches between blood samples to determine the potential candidates for blood transfusion (Blaney Howard 2013:p.188). The greatest challenge encountered during the compatibility testing includes the identification of potential matches in emergency conditions. Additionally, the quality control measures to retain the precision of the compatibility testing outcome s require following the Unites States Food and Drug Administration standards in the identification of agglutination vs. lack of agglutination patterns in the hematological samples. The precise analysis from the compatibility testing assists the clinicians in preventing administration of incompatible blood transfusions leading to severe fatalities or life threatening morbidities among the affected patients. Therefore, the skills acquired during the compatibility testing facilitate to minimize the health risk among patients requiring blood transfusions for treating various haematological conditions. The techniques including antibody adsorption and elution are clinically significant in determining the hematological disorders and selection of patients for blood transfusions (Shaz et al, 2013:p.136). The Rh phenotyping techniques practiced at the blood bank and biochemistry lab of the hospital assists in analyzing the sensitivity and specificity patterns of the blood samples in context t o various antigens tested during the phenotypic analysis (Whitlock, 2010:p.115-118). This methodology further assists in determining the autoimmune manifestations and hematological incompatibilities among the patients requiring immunological analysis. The experience in anatomical pathology department of the hospital relates to acquiring skills and competence in undertaking gross histopathological analysis of the surgical specimen. The surgical pathological services rendered in the anatomical pathology department include various tissue biopsies, microanalysis of the tissue samples, microtomy protocols, immunofluorescence staining, embedding technique (frozen section), decalcification, tissue processing, staining of samples, waste disposal, Faxitron X-Ray and urgent specimen analysis. The clear understanding in terms of practicing hygiene and protective measures in the pathology department highly warranted for reducing any risk pertaining to health challenges and inadvertent conditions at the workplace. Indeed, provision of proper ventilation within operational premises and air monitoring protocols requiring strategic execution to ascertain risk free processing of the tissue samples within the confinements of the pathology departmen t. The tissue biopsy techniques warrant execution of the correct sampling protocols and recommended staining procedures to ascertain the precision of study outcomes from the sample analysis (WSAVA Liver Stadardization Group, 2006:p.12-14). The most important challenge in context to the histopathological analysis related to proper handling of the specimens, accurate numbering and delivery to the correct destination. Indeed, mishandling or improper care of the specimens may result in haemolysis leading to inaccurate outcomes (Hopkins, 2009:p.10-11). Furthermore, retrieving blood cultures in improper timings by inefficient staff predisposes them to contamination, thereby leading to the generation of imprecise outcomes affecting the clinical diagnosis. Indeed, the clinical skills pertaining to tissue sectioning or microtomy based on acquisition of advanced techniques for affectively detaching the study sample though the cutting instrument for microscopic analysis (Suvarna et al, 2008:p. 125). Adequate knowledge of the sampling technique and application of various microtome devices and section adhesives clinically warranted to ascertain precision in rendering the study samples for their consequent analysis. The skills related to immunofluorescence staining are helpful in facilitating preparation of cell culture and hematologic smears for their methodological analysis in context to generating accurate study outcomes (Bancroft, 2008:p.582). The embedding technique practiced in the pathology department adopted to fixate the tissue specimen in a recommended medium (including formaldehyde and paraffin) and subsequently freezing the study sample in terms of frozen section for analysis (Peters, 2010:p. 38). The embedding technique requires execution in such a manner to prevent any scope of contamination of sample during the dispensing and pre-freezing processes. However, the decalcification procedure in the pathology laboratory performed while employing Stewarts fluid for the cross sectional analysis of the study specimen (Culling, 194:p.66). The intent of undertaking tissue decalcification procedure relates to attaining enhancement in staining reactions for generating precision in context to the outcomes of the sample analysis. The utility of the Faxitron X-Ray modality in the anatomical pathology department practiced with the intent to undertake the radiological analysis of the human musculoskeletal structure for evaluating underlying fractures or other structural bony abnormalities (White Folkens, 2005:p.353). In fact, the health and safety parameters while working in the laboratory environment in hospital attributed to practicing protective measures in context to handling of the study samples and avoiding any possible exposure of tissue fluids to the potential employees for avoiding predisposition of the laboratory staff toward various disease challenges. Furthermore, the work premises including laboratory and pathology departments and blood banks vigilantly monitored by occupational safety and health protocols to ascertain health and safety of the laboratory staff during the operational hours (Hill Finster, 2010). The legal policies related to the regulation of the hazardous waste products in the hospital premises executed stringently to ascertain implementation of adequate disposal mechanisms for preventing prevalence of communicable diseases and toxic pathophysiological manifestations among the healthcare workers. Additionally, the employees working in the radiology department governe d by the radioactive materials jurisdiction act to avoid exposure of the injurious radiations, while rendering investigation services within the operational confinements. The effective implementation of the policies and procedures recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the hospitals departments ensures the prevention of unwanted exposure of tissue specimen, infectious organism or other etiological factors to the healthcare workers within the operational premises. The proactive approaches in context to the execution of necessary remedial action in emergencies and epidemics following the state federal laws devised for the entire hospital departments with the intent to prevent the risk of injuries and infections following the inadvertent circumstances. The implementation of guiding principles for handling the study specimen with desirable care and caution to avoid the predisposition of any untoward event during specimen storage and transport by the hospi tal workers ensures the effective utilization of protective strategies by the hospital administration in efficiently tackling the health concerns of the workers. The business processes inside the hospital premises pertain to the health insurance system, including the revenue cycle management processes operating with the intent of generative financial outcomes for the efficient functioning and success of the workplace. The efficient cash flow mechanisms indeed, implemented in context to medical coding, billing and denials handling structures to ascertain financial growth and prosperity of the health care system. The rendered services by the heath care providers, pathologists, radiologists, nurses and lab investigators adequately reimbursed with the effective implementation of the electronic database management systems in the coding and billing departments to facilitate the payment of health services to the potential providers and non-physician professionals engaged in rendering care and therapy to the patients. The social issues related to the healthcare industry pertain to rendering unbiased services and health provision to the individuals re quiring medical attention in context to their health conditions. The other important issue pertaining to the diagnostic services in reputed hospitals corresponds to the potential cost for rendering these modalities for patients diagnostic evaluation. Indeed, the development of various diagnostic and therapeutic modalities requires organizing extensive clinical trials with the intent to devise strategic approaches in controlling the disease outcomes and epidemiological manifestations across the globe. The lack of awareness among the population in this regard creates the state of deficit during the execution of such studies in the controlled conditions. The important ethical issues in the healthcare sector related to the lack of homeostasis between the quality of care, safety and efficiency of the healthcare processes. Moreover, the inaccessibility of the impoverished people to obtaining qualitative healthcare services leads to increased cases of deaths, morbidities and epidemics acro ss the globe. The sustained deficit of the healthcare professionals per unit of human population poses serious questions on the scalability of the healthcare sector in accomplishing the health requirements of the target population. The significant challenge encountered while working inside the hospital premises across various departments related to the provision of adequate training mechanisms and awareness programs among the healthcare workers to improve the quality of healthcare services and wellness among the hospital employees. Indeed, these educational programs are highly warranted in any healthcare setting to establish benchmarks for stabilizing the quality and efficiency of healthcare services for the patients population. These potential issues tackled at the workplace while seeking consistent guidance and follow-ups from the fellow experienced colleagues in context to understanding the laboratory protocol and protective measures warranted to ensure safety and efficiency within the hospitals confinements. The achievements during the entire tenure in the hospital related to the acquisition of skills and knowledge pertaining to multidisciplinary health investigation protocols and diagnostic modalities empl oyed to restore health and wellness among the patients population. Indeed, the healthcare sector is an emerging industry associated with the prospects of further development in terms of enhancement of quality of care and therapy to the target population. Additionally, the great financial rewards affixed with the healthcare sector (including the medical laboratory technology discipline) makes it as the preferred career option among the students across the globe. Indeed, the interdepartmental professional experience with Royal Prince Alfred Hospital transformed the career profile by facilitating new heights in terms of enhanced competence followed by the acquisition of skills and experience during the entire tenure executed in the laboratory and pathology departments. References Bancroft, J 2008, Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques (6th edn.), Churchill-Livingstone, USA Blaney, K Howard, P 2013, Basic Applied Concepts of Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices, Elsevier, Missouri Culling, C 1974, Handbook of Histopathological and Histochemical Techniques (3rd edn.), Butterworth, Great Britain Hillyer, C 2007, Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles Practice, Churchil-Livingstone, Philadelphia Hill, R Finster, D 2010, Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students, New Jersey Hopkins, T 2009, Lab Notes: Guide to Lab and Diagnostic Tests, Davis, Philadelphia Lockyer, W 1982, Essentials of ABO -Rh Grouping and Compatibility Testing, John-Wright, England Ochei, J Kolhatkar, A 2000, Medical Laboratory Science : Theory And Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi Peters, S 2010, A Practical Guide to Frozen Section Technique, Springer, London Shaz, B, Hillyer, C, Roshal, M Abrams, C 2013, Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects (2nd edn.), Elsevier, USA Sood, R 2006, Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jaypee, New Delhi Suvarna, S, Layton, C Bancroft, J 2013, Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques (7th edn.), Churchill-Livingstone, UK White, T Folkens, P 2005, The Human Bone Manual, Elsevier, USA Whitlock, S 2010, Immunohematology for Medical Laboratory Technicians, Cengage, USA Wild, D 2005, The Immunoassay Handbook (3rd edn.), Elsevier, UK WSAVA Liver Stadardization Group 2006, WSAVA Standards for Clinical and Histological Diagnosis of Canine and Feline Liver Diseases, Elsevier, Philadelphia

A Report For The Child Protection Cases Social Work Essay Essay Example

A Report For The Child Protection Cases Social Work Essay Essay Example A Report For The Child Protection Cases Social Work Essay Essay A Report For The Child Protection Cases Social Work Essay Essay This study is prepared for the usage of a Child Protection Case Conference for the five members of the Jones household. The Jones household consists of Mark ( 25 ) And Sue ( 21 ) and their three kids John ( 6 ) , Emma ( 4 ) and David who is merely 3 hebdomads old. The conference is being held to see the extent to which the demands of John, Emma and David are being met, as besides the hazards to which they are exposed. With the Child Protection Conference being a meeting between the parents of kids and the people from different bureaus who know the household, this study aims to supply a brief item of the household scenario and a brooding commentary on the household fortunes, appropriately supported by the theoretical and practical cognition of the writer on the hazards faced by the kids and the model chosen for such hazard appraisal. The appendix to this study provides inside informations about the household scenario and can be accessed by users of this study. To province really briefly, the Jones household has three kids. John, the eldest kid suffers from address holds and is exhibiting behavioral troubles at place and school. He demands single attending and has inclinations for unmanageable choler and physical force with kids every bit good as adults. He has besides exhibited delinquent behavior and has been reported for daze lifting. Emma, the 2nd kid is good natured, loves traveling to school, has been assessed to be developmentally advanced and loves her male parent. David, the freshly born is a premature kid and is non in the best of wellness. It is hard to feed him and he cries frequently. Mark Jones the male parent has a history of young person offense, condemnable behavior and domestic maltreatment. He has grown up in hapless societal and economic fortunes and is now working as a driver of heavy vehicles , a occupation that frequently keeps him off from place. Sue the female parent, had her foremost kid when she was 15 and suffered from station natal depression. Not in the best of wellness and holding suffered from domestic maltreatment, she finds it hard to take attention of her three kids. Whilst she comes from an flush background, she has small contact with her parents, who disapprove of Mark. Caring and protecting kids is now at the really nucleus of the societal work system of the UK ( Cleaver, 2004, p 14 ) . Whilst the importance of protecting, fostering and alimentary kids and the demand to supply them with appropriate environments for accomplishment of physical, emotional and mental development has ever been felt to be of import by policy shapers in the UK, a figure of episodes that have taken topographic point over the old ages show that kids continue to be exposed to assorted unsafe and need suitable protection. The deceases of Victoria Climbie and Aliyah Ismail in 2000 and 1998 ( BBC News, 2005, p 1 ) created tremendous media tumult and public indignation and led to legion legal and policy steps that aimed to protect and safeguard kids ( Norton, 1999, p 1 ) . The recent deceases of Baby Peter and Khyra Ishaq, who died in awful fortunes, the first on history of force at the place ( Duncan, et Al, 2008, p 1 ) and the 2nd from famishment, revealed that kids continue t o be in danger and in demand of protection and safety, both in and out of their families ( Carter, 2010, p 1 ) . Appendix 2 provides dismaying inside informations on a figure of kids who experienced force that resulted in serious hurt and even decease. I have, in these fortunes tried to synthesize the assorted legal and policy steps that are available in the UK for protection and safety of kids every bit good as appraisal of the hazards to which they are exposed, for the consideration of the Child Protection Conference on the demands of the kids of the Jones Family. The legislative model for kid protection in England and Wales is provided by the Children Act 1989, farther amended by the Children Act 2004 ( NSPCC, 2010b, p 4 ) . The act defines injury as sick intervention or damage of physical or mental wellness or physical, emotional, societal, rational or behavioral development. The act besides enshrines of import rules. The paramountcy rule implies that the kid s public assistance should be paramount for determinations on his or her upbringing. The wants and feelings of kids should besides be ascertained before the passing of any order ( NSPCC, 2010b, p 4 ) . All attempts should be made for saving of the place and household links of kids. The jurisprudence besides underlines the importance of parental duty in the conveying up of kids ( NSPCC, 2010b, p 4 ) . A figure of other Acts of the Apostless like the Children and Young Persons Act 2008 and the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 and the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 besides lay down the jurisprudence on protection of kids in different fortunes ( NSPCC, 2010b, p 4 ) . Apart from extended statute law for safeguarding and protecting kids, the authorities has introduced a series of policy steps after the decease of Victoria Climbie and the publication of the Laming Report in 2003 ( Department of Health, 2003, p 7 ) . The Every Child Matters Programme inside informations governmental policy for guaranting the safety, nourishment, growing and development of all kids in the state ( Department for EducationaˆÂ ¦ , 2005, p 4 ) . The counsel Working Together to Safeguard Children: a Guide to Inter-Agency Working to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children defines kid maltreatment and neglect and provides counsel on the action that bureaus should take to protect kids. The Framework for the Assessment of Children in demand and their Families provides counsel to professionals to place kids in demand and determine the best possible ways of assisting such kids and their households ( NSPCC, 2010a, p 3 ) . The kids in the Jones household are being presently challenged by hard fortunes. Mark, the male parent has a occupation that keeps him off from place for long periods and he is therefore non truly able to assist in family work or conveying up the kids, except by fiscal support. He has a history of criminalism and domestic force. Even though it should be considered that he is undergoing an choler direction programme in order to get the better of his emotional instability. Sue, the female parent is merely 21 and has already had three kids. She besides has a history of station natal depression, which could perchance come up once more after the birth of David, the youngest kid who is non even a month old. Coming from an flush household, with whom she is estranged for some old ages, she is evidently fresh to the really hard household fortunes in which she is placed and the duties of a female parent of three kids. The opportunities of all three kids being neglected is really high in these fortunes, where the male parent is non at place most of the clip and is seeking to get the better of his emotional instability and aggressive behavior and the female parent is prone to depression, physically tired and worn out and has been burdened with the duties of caring for and conveying up three immature kids. The three kids in the household face the existent danger of physical and emotional disregard. Such disregard could specifically harm their physical, emotional and cognitive well-being and development, affect their public presentation at school, expose them to dangers of under nutriment and unwellness and badly impact their life opportunities ( Howe, 2005, p 31 ) . Neglected kids are besides more prone to truant behavior and substance maltreatment. John the eldest kid already suffers from address jobs, fond regard upsets, attending seeking behavioral jobs, uncontrolled choler and inclinations for force. Such a state of affairs could hold arisen because of attending shortages in his early childhood old ages and greater attending being given to his younger sister by his male parent. John now poses a serious physical menace to his two younger siblings because of his fury and violent temperament. Emma and David are unfastened to the hazards of disregard, every bit good as physical injury. Whilst Emma is the front-runner of the household and portions really good relationships with her parents and may non hence be exposed to pretermit, the status of the youngest kid David is unstable. A premature kid who is given to enduring from colic, David needs excess attention, support and nutriment, which may clearly be beyond the ability and capacity of Sue, in her frame physical status and her history of station natal depression. Apart from disregard, which could harm her physical and emotional development at a important period in her life, he besides faces the menace of physical force from John, who can good ache him severely in a tantrum of fury, if his demands for attending are non met. I feel it to be really obvious that the three kids in the Jones household are at considerable hazard, all three from disregard and the younger two besides from force. The GIRFEC ( acquiring it right for every kid ) theoretical account provides a new attack for designation and meeting of demands of kids. The theoretical account places the well-being of kids and provides a common model for appraisal, planning and intercession across all bureaus ( Lamey A ; Rattray, 2009, p 2 ) . Whilst the GIRFEC is a comprehensive theoretical account, it is specifically focused on taking the whole kid attack, puting the kid at the Centre and maintaining kids emotionally and physically safe. Its scope is therefore broader than mere child protection ( Lamey A ; Rattray, 2009, p 2 ) . It adopts a holistic position and an grounds based attack, wherein the engagement and sentiments of the kid and parents are of import for good results. The theoretical account has three of import constituents, viz. the We llbeing Indicators, My Word Triangle and the Resilience Matrix, which can be used both individually and together for happening the best solution for kids in demand ( Lamey A ; Rattray, 2009, p 2 ) . The My Word Triangle in peculiar provides counsel to societal workers on what kids need from people who look after them. These include ( a ) everyday attention and aid, ( B ) maintaining the kid safe and ( degree Celsius ) being there for the kid. These three issues are specifically of import for sing the fortunes of the three kids of the Jones household ( Lamey A ; Rattray, 2009, p 2 ) . 4. Drumhead and Decision This study has been prepared for the Child Protection Case Conference to see the demands of the kids of the Jones household, the extent to which they are being met and what more demands to be done to guarantee the safety, development and growing of these kids. Appraisal of hazard and guaranting safety of kids is a critical component of current societal work theory and pattern in the UK. Extant statute law and programmes call upon societal workers and other concerned bureaus like the instruction and wellness services to work in close cooperation and coaction with each other to guarantee the safety and protection of kids in demand and at hazard with the aid of specific appraisal models, tools and procedures. An application of the GIRFEC theoretical account reveals that the kids of the Jones household could confront troubles on history of their parents non being able to supply equal mundane attention and aid, maintaining them safe and being at that place to guarantee their physical and emotional attention. These fortunes become more baleful in visible radiation of the female parents frail wellness and past history of station natal depression, the frequent absence of the male parent from place on history of his work and the violent inclinations and behavioral jobs of the eldest kid. The conference must see all these fortunes in order to suitably measure the demands of the kids and the extent to which they are being met and thenceforth to be after for appropriate interventionist action. Bibliography BBC News, 2005, Climbie study impulses childcare reform , Available at: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in /uk/ /victoria_climbie /default.stm ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Birchall A ; Hallett, C. , 1995, Working together in Child Protection, London: HMSO. Bodley, A. , Risk Assessment and Child Protection , Creative Minds, Available at: www.mylearning.org/learning/science /Child % 20Protection.pdf ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Brandon, M. , Howe, H. , Dagley, V. , Salter, C. , Warren, C. , 2006, What appears to be assisting or impeding Practitioners in Implementing the common appraisal Framework and lead , Professional working Child maltreatment Review, 15: 395-413. Carter, H. , 2010, The calamity of Khyra Ishaq s decease , Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/ /khyra-ishaq-starving-death-background ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Cleaver, H. , A ; Walker, S. , 2004, Measuring kids s demands and Fortunes, London: Jessica Kingsley. Department of Health, 2000, Measuring kids in demand and their households: pattern guidelines, London: the Stationery office. Department of Health, 2003, The Victoria Climbie Inquiry study of an enquiry by Lord Laming , Available at: www.dh.gov.uk aˆ?A HomeA aˆ?A Publications ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Department for Education and accomplishments, 2005, Every Child Matters, Green paper London: HMSO Duncan, C. , Jones, S. , A ; Brindle, D. , 2008, 50 hurts, 60 visits failures that led to the decease of Baby P , The Guardian, Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/ /baby-p-child-protection-haringey ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Ferguson, H. , 2004, Protecting kids in Time: kid maltreatment, Child Protection and Consequences of Modernity, London: Palgrave McMillan. Howe, D. , 2005, Child Abuse and Neglect: Attachment, Development and Intervention, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Lamey, R. , A ; Rattray, M. , 2009, The Shetland Guide to GIRFEC , GIRFEC Project Team, Available at: www.shetland.gov.uk/socialwork-health/ /1GuidetoGIRFEC.pdf ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Norton, C. , 1999, The sad life, inexorable decease and awful treachery of Aliyah, 13 , independent.co.uk, Available at: www.independent.co.uk aˆ?A NewsA aˆ?A UKA aˆ?A Home News ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . NSPCC, 2010a, The kid protection system in the UK , National Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Children, Available at: www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/ /child_protection_system_wdf76008.pdf ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . NSPCC, 2010b, An debut to child protection statute law in the UK , National Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Children, Available at: www.nspcc.org.uk/ /child_protection_legislation_in_the_uk_pdf_wdf48953.pdf ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Unity Injustice, 2005, A Child Protection System so secret it Kill s , Available at: www.unity-injustice.co.uk/child_victims.htm ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Wilson, K. , A ; James, A. , 2007, The kid Protection Handbook, London: Bailliere Tindall Ward, H. , 1998, Using a Child development Model to measure the results of Social Work Interventions with Families , Children and Society, 12 ( 3 ) : 202-211. Appendixs Appendix 1 Child Protection Case Conference Based on the Jones Scenario. ( To see to what extent the demands of John, Emma and David are being met ) . The Jones Family: background January 2010 The Jones household late moved out of a council level in metropolis to little town rural country. They are fighting to pay the mortgage on their two sleeping rooms level. There is no outside drama country, and the level is accessed via outside stepss. Mark Dad- 25 old ages old. Mark has a condemnable record as a young person wrongdoer. He has a history of domestic maltreatment and is set abouting an anger direction plan. He is employed as an HGV driver. He has a big drawn-out household. Mark s background is working category with hapless socio-economic fortunes. Sue Florists chrysanthemum 21years old. At age 15 Sue had postpartum depression which was non recognized. She has a hapless relationship with her ain parents. They are really flush ; Sue s female parent continually expressed her letdown in Sue when she was turning up and does non O.K. of her relationship with Mark. Sue has neer worked she is pregnant with her 3rd kid. John Son ( of Mark and Sue ) 6 old ages old John has terrible fond regard issues. He is exhibiting behavioral troubles and has a important address hold. He has been identified as necessitating Additional Support for Learning. Emma Daughter ( of Mark and Sue ) 4 old ages old Emma is the favoured kid. She is an easy kid to care for and loves traveling to the babys room where it has been noted that she is developmentally advanced. She has a really good relationship with her pa. The Scenario: sequence of events Scenario January 2010 John starts at the local primary holding transferred from a big school in the metropolis. He is in a composite category of 5 and 6 twelvemonth olds and he is one of the oldest. John has a important address hold. March 2010 Records for John have been requested from his old school but have still to get. Meanwhile, his instructor, Mrs Smith is holding trouble pull offing John s behavior. He is really demanding of single attending and if this is non forthcoming he becomes really angry. He throws things around the schoolroom and over the past two hebdomads has hit three younger kids. He has besides kicked his instructor. He has been reported for shrinkage and has been grounded by his parents for bad behavior. His choler is exacerbated because he has trouble in pass oning. Extra information April 2010 David was born prematurely last month, and was little for gestational age. He is hard to feed and is really flatulent. He cries a batch and is now 3 hebdomads old. Following the birth of David, Mary the wellness visitant has visited the household place to offer support and advice to Sue. Sue present as tired, level and listless. The house is disorganised. Sue tells Mary that David is a truly hard babe to feed and that he cries invariably. Mark can non assist as his occupation takes him off from the household place for drawn-out periods of clip. On the rare occasions he is at place, he is tired, cranky and sleeps a batch. The state of affairs in the place is non helped by the changeless demands of John. However Emma is co-operative happy and helps her female parent around the place and with the babe.

Crooks Diary Entry Of mice and Men Essay Example

Crooks Diary Entry Of mice and Men Essay Example Crooks Diary Entry Of mice and Men Paper Crooks Diary Entry Of mice and Men Paper to be able to listen to me talk, I really believe that being alone for such a long time would really drive me crazy somehow. The yearning I have for a companion is driving me close to being mad! But I will not forget about my dignity and who I am as a black person.

Can Rehabilitation be Effective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Can Rehabilitation be Effective - Research Paper Example Earlier, or in 2007, Bonta and Andrews reported that Canada has been using a risk-need-responsivity or RNR model in reducing recidivism with an increasing success rate in assessing and rehabilitating criminals in Canada and around the world (p. abstract section). The RNR approach follows three principles: (1) match services based on the risk to offend among offenders (risk principle); (2) assess and target criminogenic needs in treatment (need principle); and (2) maximize the offender’s ability to learn from rehabilitation by providing cognitive behavioral treatment and designing specific interventions based on learning style, motivation, and situation of the offender (responsivity principle). Meanwhile, according to Murphy, in the English and Welsh Probation Service and Prison Service Programs of the United Kingdom, combines the RNR model discussed earlier and a model called the Good Lives Model (GLM). Murphy elaborated that the GLM focuses on helping offenders obtain what the probation and prison institutions termed as â€Å"human goods† or needs like intimacy, autonomy, and knowledge. Murphy stressed however that in the UK probation and prison programs that those that have adequate discharge planning, provide appropriate community aftercare services, and involve significant others have increasingly reduced recidivism. Much earlier, in 1996, Gendreau identified the principles of effective intervention: (1) services should be intensive and behavioral in nature given tangible, activity, and social reinforcers; (2) program contingencies and behavioral strategies should be implemented in a firm but fair manner.