The problem with plastics

The problem with plastics The problem with plastic is that it doesn't break down and go into the soil it Just sits there for years and years and it's way overused. We use plastic for A LOT of things: packaging, transporting, manufacturing, etc, but do we ever stop to think about what happens to the plastic after we're done using it, or where it ends up? The ‘out of sight, out of mind' saying is perfect when it comes to a lot of environmental issues, especially the issue with plastic. Plastic is made from petroleum, which the earth cannot digest.Instead of plastic biodegrading (breaking down in the soil) it breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces, which causes more harm than Just staying in one piece. For example, if the plastic ends up in the ocean, the plastic pieces will get smaller, and filter feeders will start to eat those pieces. Since filter feeders are on the bottom of the food chain, every organism (birds, fish, marine mammals, etc. ) that feeds on the filter feede rs are also eating plastic. Plastic that ends up in the ocean, kills around one million marine organisms each year!One of the most obvious impacts of plastic bottles is what happens after its been thrown away. According to the Container recycling institute, 86% of plastic water bottles used in the US become garbage that ends up in landfills throughout the country. About 60 million plastic water bottles are used every day in the US. Each year making the plastic water bottles used in the US Takes enough oil and energy to fuel 1 million cars All that energy spent to make Water bottles even more to ship it around the Country

Sun Tracking Control Strategy Engineering Essay

It is good known that in theory, 41 % more sunshine is available by tracking the PV faculty to follow the day-to-day class of the Sun, comparative to fixed installings. The overall aim of this survey is to develop a control algorithm that improved public presentation and dependability the two-axis solar tracker. To accomplish this end, this survey dressed ore on optimising the LM3S811 based accountant board, thrust hardware and package. Keywords: embedded system design, two-axis Sun trailing, control algorithm.A ±ntroductA ±onSolar energy systems and equipment such as PV and twenty-four hours illuming systems, solar aggregators, and solar-powered heat engines work best when their aggregators aim straight at the Sun. Adding a solar tracker to these systems increases their efficiencies at the disbursal of initial and operational costs and system complexness. It has been estimated that the usage of a trailing system, over a fixed system, can increase the power end product by 20 % – 40 % with cost addition 10 % -30 % [ 1-3 ] . Since the Sun ‘s place in the sky alterations with the seasons and the clip of twenty-four hours, tracker is used to aline the aggregation system to maximise energy production. Several factors must be considered when finding the usage of trackers. Some of these include: the solar engineering being used, the sum of direct solar irradiation, feed-in duties in the part where the system is deployed, and the cost to put in and keep the trackers. Concentrated applications like concentrated photovoltaic panels ( CPV ) or concentrated solar power ( CSP ) require a high grade of truth to guarantee the sunshine is directed exactly at the focal point of the reflector or lens. The two basic classs of trackers are individual axis and double axis. Single axis solar trackers can either hold a horizontal or a perpendicular axis. In concentrated solar power applications, individual axis tracker is used with parabolic and additive Fresnel mirror designs. Dual axis solar trackers have both a horizontal and a perpendicular axis leting them to track the Sun ‘s evident gesture virtually anyplace in the universe This paper presents a control scheme for a two axes solar tracker that is executed in an ARM based Stellaris L3S811 microcontroller. Correct sun place is inferred from the GPS. The proposed control scheme consists of a combination between ; an unfastened cringle tracking scheme, and a closed cringle scheme. The overall aim of this survey is to develop a control algorithm that improves public presentation and dependability the two-axis Sun tracker. To accomplish this end, this survey concentrates on optimising the accountant board, thrust hardware and package.Two-axA ±s Sun trackerThe Sun ‘s beams can be decomposed into two constituents, one perpendicular to the panel surface, and the other analogue to the surface, where merely the former radiation can be received by the panel. Therefore, the angle between the Sun ‘s beams and the normal of the panel which is called the incident angle should be every bit little as possible. Incidence angle alterations with the diurnal an d seasonal fluctuations. Therefore, the fixed-installed solar aggregators can non to the full absorb the solar radiation energy. If at any clip by automatically tracking solar aggregators, panel place can be adjusted harmonizing to the Sun ‘s flight to cut down the incidence angle ; it will be able to absorb more solar radiation energy than the fixed panels in the same irradiation conditions. The panel of dual-axis Sun tracking system rotates around the two reciprocally perpendicular shafts, AZ shaft and lift shaft, shown in Fig 1. It will track the Sun ‘s AZ angle and lift angle, so that the panel can accomplish incident angle of 0. Two methods are normally used in solar trailing to place and follow the place of the Sun at any blink of an eye of clip between dawn and sundown: the closed cringle control method and the unfastened cringle control method. The closed cringle control method uses several feedback detectors such as LDR, photodiode, light-intensity detectors, mention cells and a signal processing circuit [ 4-6 ] . The signal processing circuit compares the end product signals of the detectors and operates on a feedback cringle with the coveted signal status. The end of the cringle is to bring forth maximal entire mistake signal from detectors by continuously seting the tracker way until the shadow on the detectors is the lower limit. A drawback of the closed cringle control method is that it can non efficaciously track the Sun on a cloudy twenty-four hours without a robust algorithm. Fig. -Structure of the two-axis Sun tracker. The unfastened cringle control method uses the longitude and latitude informations of the solar tracker location to find and track the place of the Sun [ 7, 8 ] . It has the advantages of easy scheduling and high truth. The system is simpler and cheaper than the closed-loop type of Sun tracking systems [ 9 ] . It does non detect the end product of the procedures that it is commanding. However, a fixed get downing way of the tracker at dawn every twenty-four hours is required in this method. Therefore, the get downing way of the tracker must be corrected from clip to clip. Consequently, an open-loop system can non rectify any mistakes so that it could do and may non counterbalance for perturbations in the system.Specifying Elevation and Azimuth AnglesThe algorithm for Sun trailing uses the solar lift, i? ±e and azimuth, i? ±A angles computed at the solar tracker location. The tracker must be aligned horizontally to find the lift and AZ angles accurately along with the hr and decli ne angles with regard to the heavenly equator or plane as depicted in Fig.1. Solar lift, i? ±e is the angle between the skyline and the line linking the beginning and the Sun that is, the complement of the zenith angle. Solar AZ, i? ±A is the angular supplanting of the projection of the line to the Sun onto the horizontal plane from the south axis. The solar lift angle, i? ±e, of the orientation system in the perpendicular plane, ?e, can be calculated as follows [ 9 ] sini? ±e=sini? ¤ sini? ¦ +cosi? ¤ cosi? ¦ cosi? · ( 1 ) Where e is the lift angle of the system i? ¦ is the latitude. is the hr angle ( 15 & A ; deg ; / hr ) , where ? = 0 at local midday. is the solar decline, where ? is calculated from Cooper ‘s equation, ( 2 ) N is the twenty-four hours of the twelvemonth ( 1 – 365 ) with N = 1 stand foring the 1st of January. Fig. – The relation between lift and zenith angles. The azimuth angle of the system in the horizontal plane, ?A, is calculated as [ 9 ] . ( 3 ) The solar trailing system normally returns to its initial remainder place after sundown, and starts to track the Sun after the Sun rises above the skyline. The dawn and sunset times can be calculated utilizing [ 13 ] for system location.DesA ±gn and application3.1. Mechanical DesignThe panels ‘ support construction was designed with two grades of freedom in order to change the disposition and orientation. Besides, the construct of the panel ‘s support every bit good as the system that allows this support to go around around the two axes was developed. The tracker is composed of a fixed base which is straight on the land, holding a mechanism that connects the base to the back uping construction of the panels. This mechanism consists of two parts, which have a grade of freedom ( from each other ) in two axes. For altering the disposition of the construction, extra linear actuator is mounted to the solar tracker control system. Linear actuators are highly precise by design, particularly when compared to pneumatic and hydraulic solutions. Screw based mechanical additive actuators allow to progress or withdraw the motivation rod by highly little increases, which is required for the exact placement of solar tracker. Electric additive actuator consumes highly low electricity and are available in 12 Volts d.c. it can be powered by the solar panel itself supported by a battery. Linear actuators can be remarkably little, particularly when sing the scope of gesture that is required for traveling the Sun tracker. Photograph of the mechanical construction is shown in Fig. 3. Fig. – Mechanical construction of the Sun tracker.3.2. Hardware DesignThe hardware design combines the embedded microcontroller with two DC motor drivers, rotational DC motor, DC motor controlled additive actuator, solar rotary motion mechanism, GPS, pyranometer, wind gauge, tilt switches and MEMBS based inclinometer. A general block diagram of the control system is shown in Fig. 4. Global placement system ( GPS ) is connected to the microcontroller via a standard consecutive RS-232 port. GPS sends to the microcontroller sentences, that contains a twine of characters, continuously. These sentences chiefly include longitude, latitude, height, day of the month and clip for location where GPS is placed. Since microcontroller has the existent clip clock circuitry, it is moderately accurate over short periods, but it needs standardization sporadically. As a consequence, the GPS clock signal is used to update the microcontroller ‘s internal clip sporadically and therefore effects of the long term mistakes are eliminated. As portion of the attempt to better solar tracker dependability and better understanding public presentation, a pyranometer is being added to solar tracker. This pyranometer allows the informations acquisition system to mensurate exactly the irradiance witnessed by the PV faculties on that tracker, and therefore better supervise the impact of the tracking algorithm on the energy end product of the system. Solar tracker steps tilt angle with potentiometer that has long-run dependability job. A higher dependability option is a solid-state inclinometer. It has three chief advantages ; inherently higher dependability, higher declaration less than 0.1 & A ; deg ; , direct measuring of angle. In this undertaking, micro electromechanical systems based on electronic inclinometer ADXL345 is used [ 11 ] . Digital end product informations is formatted as 16-bit two ‘s complement and is accessible through either a SPI ( 3- or 4-wire ) or I2C digital interface The inclinometer would typically be mounted straight underneath a tracker ‘s plane, from where the disposition can be measured. Fig. – Sun Tracker control system block diagram. The solar tracker is fitted with bound switches to guarantee robust operation. A micro roller switch mounted on the base of the solar tracker prevents multiple revolution completion of the AZ tracking phase. The solar aggregator besides includes two more bound switches on the zenith tracking phase to forestall over travel harm to the additive actuator mechanism. The initial reset balance usage tilt switches. The mechanism include four tilt switches ( E, West, south and north ) To protect tracker constituents from over air current velocity, system besides requires an wind gauge to mensurate wind velocity. Consequently, we need powerful and cost-efficient microcontroller to link all these parts and manage to track the Sun. It must hold two consecutive port, ( UART ) one for communicate computing machine the other 1 for GPS, two PWM signals for motor A and motor B, one I2C port for solid-state inclinometer, hardware counter input for wind gauge, parallel input for pyranometer, at least four digital inputs for tilt switches. In add-on, these characteristics we need package development tools for microcontroller. Sing the computation of the mentioned before, 32-Bit Stellaris microprocessor LM3S811 which is optimized for small-footprint embedded applications, fits best to the Sun tracker system. TI Stellaris LM3S811 microcontroller has a Reduced Instruction Set Coding ( RISC ) ARM nucleus, internal oscillators, timers, UART, USB, SPI, pull-up resistances, PWM, ADC, parallel comparator and watch-dog timers are some of the characteristics [ 10 ] .Software DesignThe developed Sun tracking algorithm enables high-precision finding of Sun angles and times for dawn, solar midday and sunset year-round. The flow chart of the algorithm is drawn in Fig. 5. The computation of the Sun angles with the Sun tracking algorithm package merely requires the specification of the day of the month, clip and exact longitude, latitude and lift of the location through a GPS system. Fig. – Flow chart of Sun tracking algorithm. The algorithm we developed for the control of the Sun tracker is composed of two chief subdivisions. In the input subdivision, the solar lift and AZ angles every bit good as dawn, sundown, solar midday and present solar times are calculated harmonizing to subdivision 2 and used as shared variables in other parts of the package. When the system starts, Stellaris foremost sets tracker to the place place and so takes GPS information to cipher the Sun set and rise times. The present solar clip is compared with the dawn and sunset times to find whether tracking should get down or halt. At dark clip, it waits following sample clip. Sample clip period may be defined harmonizing to proficient restraints. First restraint is GPS hot start clip that is 1 second for GPS. It can non be shorter than this value. The other restraint is the energy consumed by motor A and B during one tracking measure. We set sample clip to 2 minute during experimental work. The present solar clip between dawn and sun set clip ‘s Stellaris reads pyronometer value to look into if there is adequate solar radiation to bring forth power. Otherwise, Sun tracker stays at place place until solar radiation rise to lower bound of solar radiation. After solar radiation reaches the coveted value, so algorithm reads anemometer value to specify whether the Sun tracker can travel safely. If non, Sun tracker stays at place place at least during one sample clip. Otherwise, it starts tracking the Sun. In the end product subdivision of the algorithm, the package takes azimuth, ?A, and lift, ?e, angles from shared variables and converts them to drive gesture. The deliberate angles ?e, ?A, are so subtracted from the old place values. Harmonizing to the obtained angle difference and their marks, microcontroller sends PWM and way signals to the motor accountants. Motor A and motor B takes solar panel to the new place. Motor A can drive solar panels to turn in the horizontal plane in order to track the alterations in AZ angle ; its positive place is westbound. Similarly, motor B can drive solar panels to turn in the manner of fliping so as to track the alterations of solar lift angle ; its positive way is downward. At the terminal of tracking, the place of mechanisms demands to be defined. The electronic inclinometer ADXL345 sends x, Y, omega axis values to the Stellaris. This digital axis values are converted to angles by the microcontroller. By comparing the mensural angles with deliberate angles, the two motors take different motions to complete come up to the coveted place of the solar panel. Finally, when this twenty-four hours is over, the system backs to the place place to wait for the following twenty-four hours.ResultS and dA ±scussA ±onSun tracker was tested both in the research lab and out-of-doorss utilizing SM-55 solar panel [ 12 ] . During the out-of-door trial, the Sun tracking s ystem was moved to outside of a edifice so that we could compare the consequences between fixed place and two-axis Sun tracking systems. During a 24-hour test period, the two-axis solar tracker was required to run for about 2 proceedingss every hr to keep proper alliance with the Sun. Fig. – Outdoor trial consequences of sun tracker. During the trial procedure, solar panel charged to the battery, and solar panel current and electromotive force values were measured and stored every minute utilizing a information lumberman. End of the twenty-four hours, the solar panel, charged the battery up to 408.2 Watt-hour energy for about 11 hours. The recorded information on the twenty-four hours 5.5.2012 proved that the two-axis solar tracking PV panel produced more energy than the fixed 1 with about 40.7 % .ConclusA ±onIn this survey, a cost effectual two-axis Sun tracker has been developed. The ARM Cortex-M3 nucleus microprocessor successfully calculated the tilt angle of the solar panel in order to look into the accurate Sun lift angle. The placement technique, which has been investigated by the DC motor and additive actuator, reduced the mistake in turn uping the lift AZ angles to 0.1 & A ; deg ; . The proposed tracker has increased the energy collected by 40.7 % .

Selection Process of Marketing Manager

HR PROJECT SELECTION PROCESS OF MARKETING MANAGER Prepared for: Mr. Fahad Hassan, Lecturer of HRM Prepared by: Naveed Zulfiqar mbaf6-83 Sadiq Ayaz mbaf6-119 Hafiz Tajammul Hussain mbaf6-29 Shahid Mehmood mbaf6-95 Fasih Ullah Khan Suri mbaf6-20 Waqas Manzur mbaf6-74 [pic] [pic] DEDICATION This piece of work is dedicated to My parent & teachers Who deliberately pray for me Day and Night ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Up and above every thing, all praise goes to ALMIGHTY ALLAH. We are grateful to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the Beneficent the Merciful, for encouraging me to complete this work successfully. We are extremely thankful to my respected Sir. Fahad Hassan for his great teaching during the whole semester. He is a well-versed man, an excellent teacher, and research oriented person. I learnt a lot from his behavior towards the project. I express my thanks to The Head of Department of Management Sciences (CIIT Lahore), because of his selfless and tireless efforts providing me all the facilities we needed throughout the study. We also pray for my parent who is supporting me in all means during my study period. Naveed Zulfiqar & Other Members MBA Batch 7 2nd Semester Table of Contents Proposal for the HR Project | | | |5 | |Introduction/Background |5 | |Project Goals and Objectives |6 | |Project Plan: Tasks, Methods, Timelines |6 | |Project Outcomes and Timeline |7 | |Conclusions |7 | |Job Analysis |8 | |Job Advertisement |10 | |Resume received |11 | |Selection Test |12 | | |17 | |Test Marks List | | |Job Interview Letter |18 | | Interview Analysis Form |19 | | Final Score |2 0 | | Letter of Appointment |21 | Proposal for the HR Project Problem Statement The purpose of this proposal is to outline the need for a project that analyzes the selection process of marketing manager in an organization. In response to the Mr. Fahad Hassan to analyze selection process of marketing manager, this project will seek to answer the following questions: †¢ What are the Job Description and Job Specification Marketing Manager? †¢ What are the steps and sources required in the job advertisement? †¢ What are the steps and sources required in the selection test? †¢ What are the steps and sources required in the selection interview? †¢ What are the steps in designing a job offer letter along with employment contract? Introduction/Background About Haier Group [pic] Founded in 1984 and based in China, the Haier Group is a leading manufacturer of a wide range of world-class home appliances. Starting out as the Qingdao Refrigerator Factory with 800 employees and only one product line, Haier has grown to become a globally recognized name brand†¦ the 6th largest in the world and the number one domestic electrical appliance producer in China. The continual development of its markets both at home and abroad has resulted in exports to 160 countries and regions. The Company’s achievements are a result of the spirit of excellence and devotion that pervades throughout the organization. Haier employees work together to benefit the society and improve the quality of life and to create innovative products that are an excellent value for money. About Haier Pakistan [pic]Haier Pakistan is the Pakistan Sales & Marketing division of the international Haier Group, a globally recognized manufacturer of world-class electrical home appliances. The joint venture between Ruba General Trading Company and Haier Group of China has brought Haier to Pakistan with an initial investment of about US$35 million and a commitment to provide world-class innovative products based on uncompromising quality to the Pakistani consumer. The plant spreads over a vast area of 63 acres with a covered area of 0. 6 million square feet including a workers’ colony on Raiwind Road, Lahore. The project is expected to produce 0. 9 million pieces of household appliances per year with plans to export to the Middle East and all over Asia. In the first year of its operations, Haier will generate employment opportunities to 600 individuals with potential to grow up to 1200 within the next 5 years. Furthermore, Haier will supplement income of 1000 to 1500 families providing indirect earning and employment possibilities. The roster of products to be launched immediately in Pakistan includes Refrigerators, Air-Conditioners (Window & Split), Deep Freezers and Washing Machines, Microwave Ovens and Small Appliances with Dishwashers, Vacuum Cleaners, Television Sets and Mobile Phones to follow shortly. Haier Pakistan has entered the local market with a commitment to help its consumers reap the benefits of modern lifestyle and to provide them world-class innovative products, unmatched nationwide customer support, a vast dealer network and a steadfast after- sales-service throughout the country. Haier’s goal is to become a global recognizable brand. Project Goals and Objectives Our project's objectives and goals are to identify the selection process of the marketing manager. What are the prerequisites of the job selection, skill requirements, experience etc? What thing that should be considers who will involve in the job selection process. The Objectives of this project are listed below 1. Job Analysis of Marketing Manager 2. Designing of Job Advertisement 3. Designing and Conducting the Selection Test 1. Designing and Conducting the Selection Interview 2. designing Job Offer Letter along with Employment Contract Project Plan: Tasks, Methods, Timelines Tasks that will be performed as part of this project starts with the submission of project proposal. After the submission of proposal, we will gather data and information involve in the job analysis, and then we will advertise the job and will receive CV's from the students till May 21, 2007. After receiving the CV's we look at them analyze them and then call the right candidate â€Å"that is according to our requirements. † Then we will design the selection test as well as the selection interview. There will be two selection tests for the candidates. After that we will call the candidates who perform well in the tests and conduct the interview. After the interview we will select the candidate that is best fit to our requirements and we will send â€Å"Job Offer Letter â€Å"along with the employment contract. The methods for performing these tasks will be based on our visit to Haier Pakistan. Data gathering will be through interview of marketing manager of Haier Pakistan. We also perform the observational research that is we observe how selection process held in an organization. Project Outcomes and Timeline The result of this project will be an analytical report that discusses the selection process of the marketing manager of a multinational organization. In addition, the report will suggest practical strategies for designing and conducting the selection tests and selection interviews. In order to complete this project, we will follow the schedule below: Submission of Proposal: |May 7, 2007 | |Job Analysis: |May 11,2007 | |Job Advertisement: |May 16, 2007 | |Submission of CV's: |May 21, 2007 | |Selection Test : |May 30, 2007 | |Selection Interview: |June 17, 2007 | Conclusion We believe that this project will fill an existing gap in the student’s knowledge about the selection proc ess of a candidate in multinational organizations. A gap, that undermines our student’s ability to effectively serve their knowledge and skills to the organization for the betterment of the future. We are eager to undertake the project and look forward to hearing any comments and suggestions that you have. JOB ANALYSIS Job Analysis of Marketing Manager This data has been collected through the interview of HR manager of Haier Pakistan and Novena export Limited. INTERVIEWEE’S Mr. Abid Assistant Manager HR Novena Export ltd. Mr. Tayyab Marketing Manager of Haier Pakistan, Lahore JOB DESCRPTION AND SPECIFICATION OF MARKETING MANAGER Job Title: Marketing Manager Department: Marketing Reports To: VP Marketing FLSA Status: Exempt SUMMARY The Marketing Manager is responsible for the planning and execution of various marketing tactics ensuring they are properly representative of brand values. Manages strategic advertising programs with agencies and merchandise vendors, Analyzes results and takes action to maximize Co-Op revenue programs. MAJOR DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Major duties and responsibilities are listed below. Other duties may be assigned as business needs require: 1. Effectively manage in-store Co-Op advertising budget to ensure all goals are consistently being met. 2. Occasionally create and implement new marketing vehicles to maximize Co-Op revenue. 3. Produce bi-annual Marketing Planner for Co-Op program. 4. Work closely with Merchandise Department to fill in-store marketing vehicle space and develop special/exclusive offers/products. 5. Work with Visual Merchandise and Store Operations to create programs to improve overall store compliance with marketing programs. 6. Develop in-store promotional themes and events around major title and product launches. 7. Approve brand usages in advertising initiatives created by vendors. 8. Manage the use of GameStop and EB Games trademarks. 9. Test strategic advertising campaigns utilizing radio and other mediums. 10. Manage outside agencies to ensure efficient use of resources. 11. Develop and execute effective customer loyalty programs. 12. Work with Merchandise Department and outside agency to develop and execute newspaper advertisements. 13. Manage brand identity and consumer research data (NPD, Syndics, etc). Recommend changes to strategies based on results and findings. 14. Analyze and report the success/effectiveness of targeted advertising campaigns, special events/promotions (FSI, radio, national initiatives, etc. ). 15. Assist with special projects as needed. QUALIFICATIONS: To perform this job successfully, an individual must be able to perform each essential duty satisfactorily. The requirements listed are representative of the knowledge, skills, education and/or ability required for this position. ESSENTIAL JOB SKILLS/ABILITIES 16. Outclass presentation, communication, negotiation skills. 17. Should be a team leader. 18. Ability to thrive in a fluid, demanding, and fast growth culture. 19. Organizational as well as excellent written and verbal communication skills are a must. 20. Accurate typing and data entry skills. 21. Recognize discrepancies in written/recorded data/information. 22. Communicate effectively with management, coworkers and store staff. 23. Experience in negotiating value added opportunities. 24. Organize, prioritize and control job responsibilities. 25. Work under deadline pressure and meet the deadlines. 26. Able to work with minimal supervision and be a self-starter. 27. Proficient with operating a personal computer and use of MS Excel/Word/Outlook/Access and other required programs. 28. Must be able to organize and control job responsibilities, particularly the accuracy and productivity related to paper flow. EDUCATION and/or EXPERIENCE: 29. Require MBA in Marketing from recognized institute. 0. Must have at least five years of marketing experience in the retail industry. 31. Must have two to three years of management experience. 32. We are equal opportunity employment. JOB ADVERTISEMENT |MANAGER MARKETING | |Industry: Advertising/Marketing | |[pic] | | | | | | | | |   | |Jo b Details | | | | | | | | | | | |Job Title: | |MANAGER MARKETING | | | |Industry: | |Advertising/Marketing | | | |Department: | |Marketing | | | |Job Type: | |Permanent | | | |Job Location: | |Lahore, Pakistan | | | |Age: | |20 years – 30 years | | | |Minimum Education: | MBA (Marketing) | | | |Career Level | |Experienced (Non-Manager) | | | |Minimum Experience: | |2 Years | | | |Work Permit: | |Pakistan | | | |Required Travel: | |25% | | | |Salary Range: | |PKR. 0,000 to 25000/month | | | |Apply By: | |May 30, 2007 | | | | | |Job Description: | | | |Business Development, Client Management | |Manage strategic advertising programs with agencies and merchandise vendors, Analyzes results and takes action to maximize Co-Op | |revenue programs. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Skills Required | | | |[pic] | | | |Ability to work well in a team environment and reach consensus on decisions quickly | |Good communication skills | |both written and verbal â€⠀œ Experience of home appliances | | | |Outclass presentation, communication, negotiation skills. | |Should be a team leader. | |Ability to thrive in a fluid, demanding, and fast growth culture. |Organizational as well as excellent written and verbal communication skills are a must. | |Recognize discrepancies in written/recorded data/information. | |Communicate effectively with management, coworkers and store staff. | |Experience in negotiating value added opportunities. | |Organize, prioritize and control job responsibilities. | |Work under deadline pressure and meet the deadlines. | |Able to work with minimal supervision and be a self-starter. | |Proficient with operating a personal computer and use of MS Excel/Word/Outlook/Access and other required programs. | |Must be able to organize and control job responsibilities, particularly the accuracy and productivity related to paper | |flow. | | |   | |Company Information | |   | | | | | |   | |Company Name: | |   | |FU N MART | | | |   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Resume’s Received S. NOName Received 1Muhammad Asad Khurshid v 2Mian Asifv 3Muhammad Tahir v 4Muhammad Saqibv 5Muhammad Dawood v 6Muhammad Junid v 7Umar Haroon v 8Adeel Shahzad v 9Mehreen Maryam v 10Muhammad Ramzan v 11Shahid Mahmoodv 12Furqan Ghouri v 13Ayesha BiBiv 14Zeeshan Shauket v 15Hassan Farooq v 16Toqeer Qadirv 17Muhammad Kashifv 8Imran Khan v 19Rahid Aliv 20Samina Akbarv 21Jahanzaib Aslam v 22Muhammad Waheedv 23Matee Khan v 24Syed Tanweer Shahv 25Umar Farooq Mailkv 26Muhammad Khurramv 27Faisal Saeed v 28Raja Jawadv 29Muhammad Numan v 30Muhammad Ahmedv 31Abdual Jubbarv SELECTION TEST Candidate Name __________________ Reg. #___________________ Total Time: 30 min. Knowledge Part 1. Niche market is called a. Small market b. Mass market c. Diversified market d. None of them 2. Marketing mix include a. Price b. Place c. Product d. Promotion f. All of them 3. Customer equity mean a. Total customer life time va lue b. Total combine customer life time value c. All of the above d. None of the above 4. Marketing offer include a. Product b. Service c. Experience d. All of them 5. What is market penetration strategy? a. New products new markets b. New markets current products c. Current markets current products d. New products current markets 6. Marketing philosophy include a. Production concept b. Product concept c. Selling concept d. Marketing concept e. All of above 7. What is de-marketing? a. To reduce demand b. To destroy the demand c. To increase the demand d. No demand 8. According to the production life cycle, the introduction stage is a period of:- a. Slow sales growth b. High sales growth c. No sales growth d. None of them 9. Buyer decision process consists of:- a. Five stages b. Three stages c. Four stages d. None of them 10. Complex buying behavior consists of:- a. High involvement b. Low involvement c. No involvement d. None of them 11. A good market segment must be:- a. Measurable b. Accessible c. Actionable d. All of them 12. Product width means a. Total number of products b. Total number of product lines c. All of the above d. None of them 13. TQM stands for:- a. Total quantity management b. Total quality management c. Textile quality management d. Non of the above 14. Value based pricing based on:- a. Buyer’s perception b. Seller’s perception c. Agent perception d. All of them 15. Market skimming strategy mean:- a. Charging low prices b. Charging high prices c. Charging suitable prices d. Charging medium prices IQ Test Top of Form [pic][pic][pic] |1. |The word, â€Å"mineral,† can be spelled using only the letters found in the word, â€Å"parliament. | | | | | |[pic]True   Ã‚   [pic]False | |2. |This sequence of four words, â€Å"triangle, glove, clock, bicycle,† corresponds to this sequence of numbers â€Å"3, 5, 12, 2. â€Å"| | | | | | | | |[pic]True   Ã‚   [pic]False | |3. |27 minutes before 7 o'clock is 33 minutes past 5 o'clock. | | | | |[pic]True   Ã‚   [pic]False | |4. |The word, â€Å"slackers,† is spelled by using the first letters of the words in the following sentence: â€Å"Silent large | | |anteaters calmly kiss each roasted snack. † | | | | | |[pic]True   Ã‚   [pic]False | |5. |If written backwards, the number, â€Å"one thousand, one hundred twenty-five,† would be written â€Å"five thousand, two | | |hundred eleven. | | | | | |[pic]True   Ã‚   [pic]False | |6. |Gary has only forty-eight dollars, but he can buy a bicycle that costs one hundred twenty dollars, (disregarding tax) | | |if he borrows fifty-seven dollars from Jane and fifteen dollars from Jill. | | | | | |[pic]True   Ã‚   [pic]False | |7. |A round wall clock that has been rotated until it is hanging upside down will have a minute hand that points to the | | |right when it is two forty-five. | | | | |[pic]True   Ã‚   [pic]False | |8. |If Richard looks into a mirror and touches his left ear with his right hand, Richard's image seems to touch its right | | |ear with its left h and. | | | | | |[pic]True   Ã‚   [pic]False | |9. |If you leave the letters in the same order, but rearrange the spaces in the phrase, â€Å"Them eats on,† it can be read as,| | |†Theme at son. | | | | | |[pic]True   Ã‚   [pic]False | |10. |The words, â€Å"auctioned, education, and cautioned,† all use the exact same letters. | | | | | |[pic]True   Ã‚   [pic]False | Bottom of Form Management Style Attitude Test [pic][pic][pic] |1. I need to keep an eye on my employees to ensure the job gets done? | |[pic]Agree | |[pic]Disagree | |2. Incentives such as bonuses and prizes keep my employees motivated | |[pic]Agree | |[pic]Disagree | |3. My employee's personal problems wont affect their ability to work. | |[pic]Agree | |[pic]Disagree | |4. I instinctively know when my employees are unhappy | |[pic]Agree | |[pic]Disagree | |5. I feel unable to praise my staff as I feel it would patronise their efforts  Ã‚   | |[pic]Agree | |[pic]Disagree | |6. I share an interest in the lives of my employees and whatever they feel important to them   | |[pic]Agree | |[pic]Disagree | |7. I am open to suggestions in the workplace, and eager to change policy where necessary s a result of a good suggestion | |[pic]Agree | |[pic]Disagree | |8. My employees are aware of the impact their work contributions make to my company | |[pic]Agree | |[pic]Disagree | |9. There is no need to share the company's achievements and progress with my employees   | |[pic]Agree | |[pic]Disagree | |10. All employees shouldn't actively be encouraged to move towards a more demanding role | |[pic]Agree | |[pic]Disagree | Q. Suppose you are a marketing manager of a company, and company wants to launch its new product in the marketing. Develop the marketing strategy for the new product. Test Marks List S. NOName Marks 1Muhammad Asad Khurshid 27 2Mian Asif27 3Muhammad Tahir 30 4Muhammad Saqib28 5Muhammad Dawood 25 Muhammad Junid 22 7Umar Haroon 24 8Adeel Shahzad 34 9Mehreen Maryam 22 10Muhammad Ramzan 23 11Shahid Mahmood25 12Furqan Ghouri 28 13Ayesha BiBi26 14Zeeshan Shauket 28 15Hassan Farooq 24 16Toqeer Qadir30 17Muhammad Kashif30 18Imran Khan 33 19Rahid Ali25 20Samina Akbar28 21Jahanzaib Aslam 27 22Muhammad Waheed21 23Matee Khan 21 24Syed Tanweer Shah25 25Umar Farooq Mailk26 26Muhammad Khurram26 27Faisal Saeed 26 28Raja Jawad29 29Muhammad Numan 26 30Muhammad Ahmed28 31Abdual Jubbar25 Note- Since Imran Khan, Muhammad Kashif, Toqeer Qadir, Muhammad Tahir, Adeel Shehzad and Raja Jawad has got top 6 positions we have decided to call them for the interview JOB INTERVIEW LETTER FUN MART (CFM) M. A Jinnah Campus, Defense road, Lahore July 1, 2007 M. A Jinnah Campus Defense road, Lahore Dear Sir: After review of your application and having excellent performance in the test, the Selection Committee is very interested in interviewing you for the position of Marketing Manager. This letter confirms the meeting in which we scheduled your interview for June 20, 2007, from (9 – 10 PM) in (class room). The Selection Committee members are: Naveed Zulfiqar Sadiq Ayaz Fasih Ullah Khan Suri hafiz Tajammul Hussain Shahid Mehmood Waqas Manzur Sincerely yours, Naveed Zulfiqar Chair, Selection Committee INTERVIEW ANALYSIS FORM Candidates |Communication |Confidence |Attitude | |Imran Khan |33 |105 |138 | |Raja Jawad |29 |107 |136 | |Muhammad Kashif |30 |107 |137 | |Adeel Shehzad |34 |88 |122 | |Mian Tahir |30 |83 |113 | |Toqeer Qadir |30 |90 |120 | So from the above table we got Mr. Imran Khan and Muhammad kashif top two candidates for the Job of M arketing Manager. We select Imran Khan and Muhammad Kashif and sending the Job Appointment Letter. LETTER OF APOINTMENT COMSATS FUN MART Naveed Zulfiqar M. A Jinnah Campus Chair Selection Committee Defense road, Tel: 0334 4026485 Lahore Email: [email  protected] com Mr. July 1, 2007 LETTER OF APPOINTMENT Dear Mr. Imran khan 1. Job Title I have pleasure in informing you that you have been appointed to the staff of the Company in the capacity of Marketing Manager 2. General conditions of employment Your employment will at all times be subject to the General Regulations and Conditions of Employment of Company Staff as amended from time to time by the Governing Body, A copy of these regulations is enclosed with this letter and a further copy, together with such amendments as may from time to time be made to it, will be available for inspection in the office of the Head of your Department and you are entitled to inspect this on giving reasonable notice. 3. Date of appointment Your appointment dates from July 1, 2007. 4. Department The department to which you are primarily assigned is the Marketing Department. The Head of this Department to whom you are responsible is the Mr. Fasih Ullah Khan Suri, Vice President (Marketing). 5. Duties and hours of work Business Development, Client Management, Manage strategic advertising programs with agencies and merchandise vendors, Analyzes results and takes action to maximize Co-Op revenue programs. Duties hours are from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. 6. Wages/salaries Your wages/salary will be 25,000 per month payable to you by transfer. Whilst the Company may offer other benefits from time to time they do not form part of your contract of employment. 7. Holidays You are entitled to holidays as set out in the General Regulations a. During holidays you are entitled to your normal basic rate of pay. 8. Sick Pay The conditions under which you may be entitled to payment during sickness are set out in the General Regulations 9. Notice to terminate employment The conditions under which your appointment may be terminated either by the Company or by you are set in the General Regulations. The minimum period of notice for your position is as shown in paragraph 7 of the General Regulations and Conditions of Employment. 10. Period of employment There is no period of employment with a previous employer that counts as part of your continuous period of employment with the Company. 11. Grievance procedure If you have a grievance, complaint or problem in relation to your employment, you should first approach the Head of your Department. If your grievance is not settled satisfactorily at that stage then you should follow the procedure set out in the General Regulations (paragraph 13). The information given in this letter and in the documents to which it refers, particularly the General Regulations and Conditions of Employment of Company Staff, and the particulars of the Staff Pension Scheme, is supplied to you in compliance with the provisions of laws currently in force, would you therefore kindly sign the enclosed form and return it to me as acknowledgement of your agreement to these terms of employment. Employee SignatureDate Yours sincerely Naveed Zulfiqar Chair Selection Committee Enclosures: 1. General Regulations of Employment

Learning Diary - Home to Home with Media and Junk Food Times Essay

Learning Diary - Home to Home with Media and Junk Food Times - Essay Example In the last few years, the effects of mass media have increased greatly with the progress of technology. Initially, there were books, newspapers, and magazines, then photography, sound recordings, and films. Radio, television, and the Internet proliferated followed by social media (Anderson Bushman 2002). In the modern day, every person depends on communication and information to make their lives move through activities such as education, work, healthcare, leisure activities, personal relationships, travelling, entertainment, and other things that people get involved. It is usual to wake up in the morning, check the phone for notifications and messages, watch the TV or read newspapers for news, read emails, makes phone calls, and eat meals with family and friends based on the information gathered from mass media and social media sources. The values people hold; harbour and the decisions made by people are based on assumptions, experiences, and education. People rely on media for current facts, news on what is important, and what people need to know. People believe the media since it is an authority for information, education, news, and entertainment. Considering the media’s powerful influence, it is imperative to know how it works. In a world of globalization, the media possess much potential. The media has the prospect of spreading news and information to areas where it has been hard to get different views. The media has the potential to assist towards democratic processes and make an impact on regimes and countries that lack democracy. However, the media can push the cultures and ideas of more prevailing interest (Livingstone & Bovill 2013). The media’s influence is growing stronger every day. Because of the influence, the competition among advertisers and producers gets stiff as they attempt to find new ways to catch consumers' attention through their magazines, newspapers, shows, movies, and commercials.

The Romanesque churches And Gothic Cathedrals Period Essay

The Romanesque churches And Gothic Cathedrals Period - Essay Example In spite of the Gothic period coming after the Romanesque period, the two periods, however did not use similar elements in their architectural designs. The main ideology following the Romanesque churches and Gothic cathedral were the ideologies which were used in their construction. The age during the period was known as the middle ages and was synonymous with poverty. Due to the change in the way of life between these two periods, the architecture adopted also shared a number of similarities and differences. The ideology used in the construction of Romanesque architecture was based on centered on protection. An example is that during the period, monasteries served as shelters for relics and saints, hence the practices of the two groups serving as a basic purpose in the construction of different structures. On the contrary, architectural constructions adopted by the Gothic were big churches known as cathedrals. These buildings were designed with towers. The ideology behind such a des ign was to make the people believe further in a presence of an almighty being who were placed upwards towards divinity. The cathedral designed during the Gothic period was meant to symbolize the faith and dedication of the people towards their religion. Lastly, the spirituality practiced by individuals during the Gothic period was stronger as compared to individuals living during the Romanesque.The ideal majorly practiced during the middle ages period was one that was centered on classical background.

Who is responsible for the Great Depression Essay

Who is responsible for the Great Depression - Essay Example (Heinrichs, 2012) Whether this was unprecedented or not, it is undeniable that great depression affected the world. It never practiced discretion; it affected both individual and companies. This paper holds that there are a number of factors that were responsible for the recession that affected the globe. This paper refutes the notion that has been put by other economists that President Hebert Hoover was responsible for the economic recession and its impacts. The economic crisis of 1930 is attributed to a myriad of intertwined complex factors. One of the common factors that is that there was over speculation in the stock market that was not regulated by the responsible authorities. The American stock market fell in 1929 and is often regarded as one of the great reasons of depression. The crash was preceded with period when the people of America discovered the stock market. The crash resulted into a serious loss of the individual and companies investments. Investors were left shaken given that the stock market brought a lot of excitement that drove most people to put their money into the economy. People were completed shattered when the banks erased the savings by the people including those who had not injected in the stock market. Despite the fact that recession was unavoidable, better policies and regulations could have been applied to avoid the failure by the banks. (Canterbery, 2011) The fed in 1929 took what economists regard as unprecedented move by cutting the supply of money by almost a third. The reaction literally chokes off any possibility of recovery. A myriad of banks in the country therefore suffered the problem of liquidity. The reaction of failing to bail out banks was regarded as harsh and did not help in addressing recession in the country. The similar effect was faced by the market in 1907 when the panic of selling sent the

Creating the Decision Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creating the Decision Environment - Essay Example This is happens because the group welcome outside opinions, so there is no objectivity. This can be prevented by always having a neutral party that hasn’t been part of the group. This brings insight to it, and also leaves room for questioning of that decision and with this, a better decision is made. (Virtualsoft, 2009) Belief in Inherent Morality of the Group: The group has a mindset that the decision they have made is moral and ethical, this is because the group assume that they have done right. To prevent this kind of problem. The group should give the same scenario to an anonymous group of different people and gauge their responses to tell whether their decision is right (Janis, 2009). Collective Rationalization: This happens when the group makes a decision and they believe it rational. This happens when the collection of material is highly selective and biased. This tends to leave out some information that does not fit into the groups’ decision and reason for the s ame. This can cause a big problem because when a decision is made without all the relevant information regarding is examined (Marlene & Antony, 1998). This is mostly because of the close mindedness in the group. This is can be avoided by bringing in experts to examine the problem and advise the group before a group decision can be made. With the inclusion of an expert, critical information is less likely to be omitted. Illusion of unanimity: When the group look to each other to confirm their theories without consulting or involving an outside source (Janis, 2009). This close-mindedness can cause problems during the decision making process. To avoid this, the leaders should not state preference initially. This influences the group and affects the decisions made. Self-Appointed mind guards: this is also as a result of close mindedness, and the avoidance of troublesome ideas, these mind guards are usually to protect the leader. To prevent this symptom, a devil’s advocate should be appointed within the group and the sole purpose should be to critique every decision and look for flaws in it. This individual should ensure that alternatives are explored extensively. Stereotyping: Excessive stereotyping is a major symptom of groupthink; this happens when the group members start forming and constructing negative stereotypes of other rival groups (Janis, 2009). This happens especially if the other group’s opinions or ideas are not the same as theirs. This leads to the group shunning any external input leading to a decision that is a result of close mindedness. This can be prevented in decision making environments by always discussing what is happening with others outside the group (Marlene & Antony, 1998). With this, diversity is brought into the group and the decision in question will have been vetted by different individuals not just the group members, this makes the decision so much better. Pressure for conformity: Another symptom of groupthink is the m embers pressure anyone in the group that expresses an opinion or argument that is against their beliefs or ideas. They make this member or members feel that they have to conform. They make them feel that expressing an idea different from theirs is a sign of disloyalty. So in situation where a member might have a differing opinion they do not express it because they want to

Ma Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Ma - Case Study Example Evidence of the controlling function lies in the decision to keep production in France, where they were more satisfied with quality control. By advising their employees on the product’s requirements, they employees are measured by how well they stick to the requirements. For a while, Luis Vuitton has focused on its popularity in Japan, which accounts for approximately 55% of its global sales annually (Bloomberg Businessweek Magazine 1). Luis Vuitton also focuses on the women’s demographic with their handbags and female shoes lines. Luis Vuitton also targets middle-aged men with their line of Vuitton eyeglass cases, wallets and briefcases. Additionally, Luis Vuitton has been attempting to woo younger clients while retaining their older client base. The company has cultivated a brand loyalty within the Japanese market through a staff that comprises of Japanese locals, and thus, increasing access to this lucrative market. As proof of this, almost all grown-up Japanese women possess at least one Luis Vuitton item. Luis Vuitton has a monolithic workforce that has little cultural integration. As gleaned from the article, Luis Vuitton decided to keep its major factories in France and employ locals, who cost more because the quality control in France was higher (Bloomberg Businessweek Magazine 1). Additionally, their Japanese operations were also staffed with locals in order to tap into what their Japanese customers need. Luis Vuitton’s management inspires a shared vision among its employees. The company management encourages its employees to suggest improvements to its manufacturing designs and briefs them on the product details, for example, the product’s retail price, as well as how well the product is selling (Bloomberg Businessweek Magazine 1). The management also enables others to work, in this case, its employees as evidenced by the workers who

Homework on trade policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework on trade policy - Assignment Example The imports from India will have very low prices in relation to the price of rice in France. The reduction in price will tend to shut off the market for local rice thus the infant industry in France. The France economy will tend to be dependent on the rice from India. The producers are worse of while the consumers initially are enough off but are subject to risks of food insecurity and lower quality of rice. The imposition of subsidies in the production of rice in India particularly when it has a low population will tend to raise the amount of rice. The scenario will change if the population is more in that the supply of rice will tend to exceed the demand. Therefore, the surplus will tend to reduce the price of rice significantly. The issuances of lump sum amounts of cash to the farmers will not necessary imply that the funds will be in use in the production of rice. Therefore, the change in supply will not be significantly different from the amount before the issuance of the funds. The term is unlike the imposition of

Biography on Harlem Renaissance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biography on Harlem Renaissance - Research Paper Example The most peculiar aspect of the Harlem Renaissance was that it was ushered in by African American thinkers, artists, writers and musicians who evinced a prominent predilection towards the quintessential African American culture and heritage (Kramer & Russ 10). Harlem Reniassance was particularly marked by a distinct shift towards a self confident and strongly embracing notion of the racial pride and ethnic identity, which metamorphosed into remarkable cultural, artistic and literary achievements (Kramer & Russ 47). Harlem Renaissance evinced an effervescent and zealous interest in the black history and cultural moorings amongst the African American middle class. One of the salient objectives of the Harlem Renaissance was an honest portrayal of the African American talent and heritage through art, literature, music and thought. The objective of the central ideals eschewed by the Harlem Renaissance was to attempt a serious portrayal of the overall African American experience in its tot ality. The aim was to resuscitate and rescue a deliberately impaired collective psychology and to remould and revive a social perspective that got utterly warped over decades (Kramer & Russ 47). Harlem Renaissance had a marked influence on the African American musical heritage and the jazz music of the era flouted the conventional notions to voluntarily opt for improvisation and syncopated rhythms. Harlem Renaissance and Music It goes without saying that no one single aspect of the Harlem Renaissance played such an important role in influencing and shaping the American and world cultural landscape as the Jazz music (Wintz 183). Strongly favouring improvised solos and syncopated rhythms, the Jazz music of those times tended to be strongly averse to the many established musical conventions (Wintz 183). The composer of those times commanded such a strong following that people thronged in on a continual basis to listen to and appreciate their compositions. Yet, the remarkable thing abou t these compositions was that owing to a strong bend towards improvisation, no two performances of a single composition tended to be same. The musicians and singers of the era not only revived and invigorated the jazz music, but played a pivotal role in shaping and consolidating many new musical traditions. The musicians of those days played a major role in transforming the African American music and culture. The breath taking and engrossing pouring of the remarkable jazz compositions rendered by the musicians and singers of the Renaissance, happened to be a direct and emphatic expression of the hardships and travails faced by the African Americans in a racially divided South and an utterly severe urban North (Wintz 183). Harlem Renaissance attracted the public attention towards a musical tradition that would have utterly been lost or never contrived. In that context the Harlem Renaissance popularized the musical style of the African Americans amongst diverse cultures and racial gro ups. The salient composer of the era blended the poetry contrived by the African

McCrae and Costas Concept of Introversion Essay Example for Free

McCrae and Costas Concept of Introversion Essay 1.According to McCrae and Costa, Neuroticism are factors or traits characterized by anxiousness, depression, tension, irrational behavior, moodiness, low self-esteem, guilt feelings, worriedness, insecurity nervousness and are high strung. Sabrina would score high in neuroticism because she possesses some of the traits or factors. In the case study, Sabrina is insecure and has a low self-esteem because she is not satisfied with her body and she wishes to have surgery to correct her supposed â€Å"defects† such as her nose too big, her small breast, she looks fat even though she is not, she also wants to look less African-American . 2.Openness to experience according to McCrae and Costa is characterized by factors such as originality, independence, creativity and a daring attitude. Sabrina would also score high on this because she is very original and creative, an example is that when Sabrina dresses up for her job as a waitress, she tries out different roles; wearing loud, flamboyant and gregarious outfits in order to perfect her acting skills. She is also very daring and independent; Sabrina likes to try new things, such as dressing in the bohemian way and incorporating African-American styles as well, she also tries different foods which include Ethiopian food, and she also loves to travel. 3.McCrae and Costa’s concept of introversion and extraversion is very similar to that of Carl Jung. They both see extraverts as outgoing, open, sociable, and lively and oriented to the external world, introverts are seen as shy people. Carl believes that everyone possesses both attitudes and can exhibit both but only one is dominant, and while Eysenck believes that these attitudes or traits tends to remain stable throughout one’s life despite the different social and environmental experiences people have.

Little Assignment Essay Example for Free

Little Assignment Essay Fish oil is beneficial to health because it contains omega-3 fatty acids which decrease the risk of heart and blood vessel disease by lowering levels of triglyceride in the blood and slowing up liver triglyceride synthesis. However, human metabolism cannot generate them from other fatty acids in the body making it very essential to be included in the diet. 900 mg of omega-3 fatty acids from fish or fish supplements is the ideal requirement for adults. On the other hand, there is the downside of fish oil supplement intake. There is a discrepancy in the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in various fish. Those that are not artificially raised would normally have lesser amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Aside from that, fish and their products are highly at risk with the contamination of the ocean. In this regard, many studies show fish and fish oil supplements have alarming levels of mercury. Part 2 (Paragraph 2): The cross-linkage theory provides a good explanation behind the process of aging. This states that there are additional cross-linkages formed between collagen fibrils as humans age. This contributes to the brittleness of bones, ligaments and tendons which is characteristic of weakened physical activity and change in height and posture as a person grows old. More over, this perfectly describes how cross-linkages formed in skin fibrils results in the decrease in skin elasticity and eventually results to wrinkles. People age because of the different physical and chemical changes occurring in the body. This can be brought about by the alteration in the levels of certain substances in the body and the formation of reactions between different chemicals. According to the Wear and Tear theory, aging can be delayed by genetically manipulating the protein repair mechanism of our body and the genes that cause aging. Reference: Materials provided.

Symptoms causes and possible solutions of Dementia

Symptoms causes and possible solutions of Dementia Introduction (source, NHS) Dementia is a syndrome (a group of related symptoms) that is associated with an ongoing decline  of the brain and its  abilities. These include: thinking, language, memory,  Ã‚   understanding, and judgement. People with dementia may also have problems controlling their emotions or  behaving appropriately in social situations. Aspects of their personality may change. Most cases of dementia are caused by damage to the structure of the brain. How common is dementia? Dementia is a common condition. In  England alone, there are currently 570,000 people living with dementia. That number is expected to double over the next 30 years. Usually dementia occurs in people who are 65  or over. The older you get, the more likely you are to develop it. It is estimated that dementia occurs in: 1.4% of men and 1.5% of women aged between 65 and 69, 3.1% of men and 2.2% of women aged between 70 and 74, 5.6% of men and 7.1% of women aged between 75 and 79, 10.2 % of men and 14.1% of women aged between 80 and 84, and 19.6% of men and 27.5% of women aged 85 or over. Types of dementia Listed below are the different types of dementia. Alzheimers disease, where small clumps of protein, known as plaques, begin to develop around brain cells. This disrupts the normal workings of the brain. Vascular dementia, where problems with blood circulation result in parts of the brain not receiving enough blood and oxygen. Dementia with Lewy bodies, where abnormal structures, known as Lewy bodies, develop inside the brain. Frontotemporal dementia, where the frontal and temporal lobes (two parts of the brain) begin to shrink. Unlike other types of dementia, frontotemporal dementia usually develops in people who are under 65. It is much rarer than other types of dementia. This  section focuses on vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia. See Useful links for more information about Alzheimers disease. Outlook In clinical terms, the outlook for dementia is not good. In most cases, there is no cure  and symptoms will get worse over time. However, even if a persons dementia cannot be cured, there are a number of effective treatments that can help them to cope better with their symptoms and improve their quality of life. Symtoms Vascular dementia The symptoms of vascular dementia can develop suddenly and quickly  worsen.  Or they can develop gradually over  many months. Symptoms  include: increasing difficulties with tasks and activities that require concentration and planning, memory loss, depression, changes in personality and mood, periods of mental confusion, low attention span, urinary incontinence, stroke-like symptoms, such as muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, wandering during the night, and slow and unsteady gait (the way that you walk). Symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies The symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies usually develop gradually  but get  more severe over the course of many years. The symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies include: memory loss, low attention span, periods of mental confusion, delusions (believing in things that are not true), difficulty planning ahead, muscle stiffness, slower movement, shaking and trembling of arms and legs, shuffling while walking, problems sleeping,   loss of facial expression, and visual hallucinations (seeing things that are not  there). Usually people will see other people or animals that are not real. Symptoms of frontotemporal dementia Frontotemporal dementia is caused by damage to the parts of the brain that help control emotional responses and behaviour. Therefore, many of the initial symptoms of frontotemporal dementia involve changes in emotion, personality and behaviour. Someone with frontotemporal dementia may  become less sensitive to other peoples emotions. This can make them  seem cold and unfeeling. They may also lose some of their inhibitions. This could lead to strange behaviour, such as  making sexually suggestive gestures in a public place, being rude to others or making tactless comments. Other symptoms of frontotemporal dementia include: aggression, compulsive behaviour, being easily distracted, an increasing lack of interest in washing themselves, and personality changes. A  person who was previously withdrawn may become very outgoing, or vice versa. Some people with frontotemporal dementia also  have problems with language. Symptoms affecting language include: speaking far less than usual, or not speaking at all, having problems finding the right words to express themselves, and using many words to describe something simple. For example, saying a metal and wooden tool used for digging instead of a spade Causes of dementia   Vascular dementia Vascular dementia is caused when there is an interruption to the blood supply to the brain. Like all organs, in order to  work properly the brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients that is provided by the blood. If the supply of blood is restricted or stopped, brain cells begin to die, resulting in brain damage. The blood supply to the brain can become blocked during a stroke where either: a blood clot blocks the supply of blood to the brain, known as an ischaemic stroke, or a blood vessel becomes weakened and then splits. This is known as a haemorrhagic stroke. Sometimes, less severe blockages to the brain do not result in a stroke, but they can damage the brain to a lesser extent. This is known as a silent brain infarction. Not everyone who has had a stroke or a silent brain infarction will go on to  get vascular dementia. But  it always remains a possibility, particularly in people who have multiple strokes or silent brain infarctions. Vascular dementia can also develop if the vessels inside the brain narrow and harden. Narrowing and hardening of the blood vessels is known as arteriosclerosis. Know risk factors for arteriosclerosis include: diabetes, obesity, smoking, drinking  too much  alcohol, lack of exercise, and eating a high-fat diet Dementia with Lewy bodies Lewy bodies are small, circular  lumps of protein that develop inside the brain. It is not known what causes  them. It is also unclear how  they damage the brain and cause dementia. One theory is that they block the effects of two neurotransmitters called dopamine and acetylcholine. Neurotransmitters are messenger chemicals that send information from one brain cell to another. Both dopamine and acetylcholine are thought to play an important role in helping to regulate many important mental functions, such as memory, learning, mood and attention. Therefore, by blocking their effects, Lewy bodies may trigger dementia. Frontotemporal dementia Frontotemporal dementia is caused by two parts of the brain (the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe) becoming increasingly damaged and then shrinking. In an estimated 40 to 50% of cases, people who develop frontotemporal dementia have inherited a genetic mutation (an altered gene) from their parents. These genetic mutations are thought to  have a negative effect on a protein known as the tau protein. All brain cells contain tau proteins. They help to keep the brain cells stable. However, if tau proteins stop working properly, they can damage brain cells. If  no genetic mutation  is found, the causes of frontotemporal dementia  remain unknown. Less common causes of dementia Dementia or dementia-like symptoms can have a number of less common causes, some of which are treatable. These include: repeated  injury to the head, infections of the brain, such as meningitis or encephalitis, Huntingtons disease, a rare genetic condition that causes progressive brain damage, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a rare and fatal condition that causes damage to the brain and nervous system, an overactive or underactive thyroid gland, dehydration, lack of  vitamin B in the diet, poisoning,  for example from lead or pesticides,   having a brain tumour, and certain lung and heart conditions that interrupt the supply of blood and oxygen to the brain. Diagnosing dementia   Confirming a diagnosis of dementia can be difficult, particularly when the condition is in its early stages. This is because many of the symptoms of dementia can be caused by other  conditions. In order  for dementia to be  diagnosed correctly, you should  have a number of different tests and assessments including: A  review of your medical history. A  full assessment of your mental abilities.   A range of  tests,  including blood tests to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, such as a vitamin B deficiency. Imaging scans, such as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, which can provide information about the physical state and structure of your brain. A  review of any medication you may be taking, in case these are contributing to your symptoms. Some of these tests can be carried out by your GP. Others will be carried out by other specialists, such as a neurologist (an expert in treating conditions that affect the brain and nervous system) or a psychiatrist with experience in treating dementia. Assessing your mental abilities There are some questionnaires that can be used to help  test your mental abilities and how severe your symptoms are. One widely used questionnaire is the  Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). The MMSE can be used to assess a number of different mental abilities including: short- and long-term memory, attention span, concentration, language and communication skills, ability to plan, and ability to understand instructions. The MMSE is a series of questions, each carrying a score that can give a maximum result of 30 points. Example questions include: memorising a short list of objects and then repeat the list back, writing a short sentence that is grammatically correct, such as the dog sat on the floor, and correctly indentifying the current day of the week, followed by the date, the month, the season and the year. While the MMSE cannot diagnosis dementia by itself, it is  useful for assessing the level of mental impairment that a person with dementia may have. A  score of 25 or above is considered normal. A  score of 18 to 24 indicates mild to moderate impairment. A  score of 17 or below indicates serious impairment. Ruling out other conditions There are  further tests that can be used to rule out other conditions that may be responsible for the patients symptoms. These tests are outlined below. A full blood count A full blood count can be used to assess your general health and check for a range of disorders, including anaemia and infection. A blood sample will usually be taken from a vein in your arm using a needle and syringe. The test will also check for other illnesses. Blood glucose test A blood glucose test can be used to determine whether your blood glucose level is normal, and can also determine whether you have diabetes. A blood sample is taken to rule out whether your symptoms might be caused by undiagnosed diabetes. Urine analysis Urine analysis is used to diagnose diabetes or problems with your kidneys. During the test, you will be asked to pass a small sample of urine into a sterile container. Measurement of thyroid hormones A measurement of your thyroid hormones may be taken in order to screen for thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid).   Measurement of vitamin B12 levels You may also have a test to check  whether your symptoms are caused by a lack of vitamin B12. However, if  you do  have a B12 deficiency, it is still possible that you may also have dementia. Imaging scans Imaging scans can check if there are any underlying problems with your brain, such as a brain tumour, that could  help explain  your symptoms. Imaging scans can also identify changes in the appearance of the brain that may indicate dementia. Several types of imaging scans can be used in the diagnosis of dementia. These are described below. Magnetic resonance imaging A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is the best way to rule out other brain problems, and to help diagnose the type of dementia. MRI scans help doctors determine whether: there is any shrinkage to the outer layer of the brain, there is any evidence of changes to the blood vessels, or there are any blood clots that might have resulted in vascular dementia. The test will also show whether other conditions, such as a brain tumour, are causing your symptoms. Computerised topography A computerised topography (CT) scan can be used as an alternative to a MRI scan. A CT scan takes a series of X-ray images of your brain. The images are fed into a computer to build up a detailed  3D image of the inside of your brain. Single photon-emission computed tomography A single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan may be recommended if doctors are unsure whether you have Alzheimers disease, frontotemporal dementia or vascular dementia. A SPECT scan is similar to a CT scan, but the scanner used for a SPECT scan is able to take moving pictures of the blood flow in your brain. The results show if the blood flow in your brain is abnormal, which can often be used to help diagnose the type of dementia. Treating dementia   Your care plan If you are diagnosed with dementia, your future health and social care needs will be assessed and a care plan will be drawn up. A care plan is a way of ensuring that you receive the right treatment for your needs. Examples of questions that could  come up  while drawing up your care plan are listed below. Do  you have a family member or friend willing to act as a carer? What support do you or your carer need for you  to remain as independent as possible? Are there  any changes that need to be made to your  home to make it easier to live in? Would you benefit from physical and occupational therapy? Do  you need additional treatment and advice to help you cope with symptoms of incontinence? Might you require residential care at some point in the future? It is important to remember that this is your care plan. You should ask as many questions as you want and make sure that your wishes are known. Patient consent and advanced directive Patient consent means that you have to give express permission before any medical treatment can be carried out on you. Consent is needed for all  treatments, whether its a simple blood test or an organ donation. The only  time when treatment can go ahead without your  permission is if you  are unable to  make a decision on your own, and the  doctors responsible for your care believe that treatment is in your best interests. There may be a time in the future when your symptoms mean that you  are no longer able  to give consent. Therefore, you may wish to draw up an advanced directive after first receiving a diagnosis of dementia.   An advanced directive  makes your treatment preferences known now, in case you are not able to do this later. Subjects  covered by  an advanced directive can include: what treatment you would consider having and in what circumstances, what types of treatment you would never wish to have, no matter what the circumstances, what type of end-of-life care you would wish to have, for example, whether you would want to be resuscitated by artificial means, such as having a breathing tube inserted into your neck if you  have lung failure, and whether you would be willing to donate organs after your death. You cannot request anything illegal in your advanced directive, such as assisted suicide. Your care team will be able to provide you with more information and advice about advanced directives. You may wish to appoint a friend or family member to take care of your financial and legal affairs. This is known as granting power of attorney. See  Useful links  for information and advice about granting power of attorney. Psychological treatments There are a number of different psychological treatments that can be used to help you cope  with the symptoms of dementia and slow down the  symptoms. These  are described  below. Cognitive stimulation Cognitive stimulation involves taking part in activities and exercises that are designed to improve your memory, problem-solving skills and language ability. It  is provided by a trained carer, and usually consists of two 45-minute sessions a week. During these, you will be involved in discussions about a variety of topics, as well as taking part in word and memory games, and other activities, such as trying to identify pictures of famous people. Behavioural therapy Behavioural therapy is used to help treat many of the behavioural problems that are associated with dementia, such as depression, aggression and delusional thinking. Behavioural therapy is usually provided by a carer, who can be a trained friend, relative or an employed carer. It is  supervised by  a health professional. Behavioural therapy uses a problem-solving approach where possible motivations and reasons for troublesome behaviour are identified. Different strategies are adopted to try to change that behaviour. For example, a person with dementia may have a history of wandering out of their home or care centre because they feel restless. Therefore, a strategy that involves encouraging them to take part in regular physical exercise may  lessen their restlessness.   Reality orientation therapy Reality orientation therapy is a type of therapy  that reduces  feelings of mental disorientation, memory loss and confusion, while improving feelings of self-esteem. Reality orientation therapy may involve group work in a classroom, in which a board prominently displays information such as: the current day and date, the location of the classroom, and the names of the people in the group. The group members repeat  a series of tasks that are designed to  give mental stimulation. These tasks also  reinforce information regarding the time, the place  and the people involved in the group. Multisensory stimulation Multisensory stimulation is a way of stimulating the brain  using different elements. These include  lighting, relaxing music and sounds, massage cushions, aromatherapy (scents) and different touch sensations. By stimulating different areas of the brain, multisensory stimulation aims to lessen feelings of confusion and restlessness, and  improve mood and language skills. However,  this treatment is not suitable  for everyone with dementia, as some people find the effects of stimulation upsetting and unpleasant. Exercise therapy Exercise therapy consists of either general fitness training or a structured fitness programme. It is designed to improve a persons physical mobility, as well as benefiting mental function and mood. Medicines Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AIs) are widely used to treat Alzheimers disease. They are not usually recommended for other forms of dementia because the evidence for their effectiveness is limited and, in some cases, may make symptoms worse. One exception is for people living with dementia with Lewy bodies that have behavioural problems, such as delusions or hallucinations,  which are causing them significant distress or leading to challenging behaviour. AIs  work by preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as low levels of acetylcholine have been linked to behavioural problems. Side effects include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, muscle cramps, fatigue, loss of appetite, agitation, aggressive behaviour, dizziness and fainting, insomnia, and urinary incontinence. Antipsychotics Antipsychotics are medicines that can be used to treat challenging and disruptive behaviour, such as aggression or agitation. However, antipsychotics are not usually recommended for the treatment of dementia because: they can increase the risk of a person experiencing cardiovascular diseases, such as strokes, and they can make the symptoms of dementia worse. Also, in people who have dementia with Lewy bodies there is evidence that antipsychotics can cause a range of serious side effects, such as: rigidity, immobility, being unable  to perform tasks, being unable  to communicate and,  possibly, sudden death. Antipsychotics are usually only used in cases where there are severe symptoms of challenging and disruptive behaviour that is judged to place you and/or others at risk of harm. They are only used if there is a full discussion between yourself and/or your carer and your care team about the benefits and risks of treatment. Antipsychotics will be prescribed at the lowest dose  possible, and for as short a time as possible. Your health will also need to be carefully monitored  if you are taking antipsychotics. Side effects of antipsychotics can include: drowsiness, shaking, trembling, muscle twitches, spasms, weight gain, blurred vision, constipation, lack of sex drive, and a dry mouth. Preventing Dementia Preventing vascular dementia While it is not possible to prevent all cases of dementia, there are some measures that  can help  prevent vascular dementia, as well as cardiovascular diseases, such as strokes and heart attacks.  As experts in treating dementia often say, What is good for your heart is also good for your head. The best ways to prevent vascular dementia are: Eat a healthy diet. Maintain a healthy weight. Get sufficient and regular exercise.   Drink alcohol in moderation. Dont smoke. Diet To help prevent dementia, a low-fat and  high-fibre diet is recommended. This includes plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables (five portions a day) and wholegrains. Limit the amount of salt that you eat to no more than  six grams  a day. Too much salt will increase your blood pressure, which puts you at risk of vascular dementia. One teaspoonful of salt is about six grams. Avoid eating foods that are high in saturated fat because this will increase your cholesterol level, which also puts you at risk of vascular dementia. Foods high in saturated fat include: meat pies, sausages and fatty cuts of meat, butter, ghee (clarified butter, often used in Indian cooking), lard, cream, hard cheese, cakes and biscuits, and foods that contain coconut or palm oil. Eating some foods that are high in unsaturated fat can decrease your cholesterol level. Foods high in unsaturated fat include: oily fish, avocados, nuts and seeds, and sunflower, rapeseed and olive oils. Weight Being overweight can increase your blood pressure, which increases the risk of vascular dementia. This  risk is higher if you are obese. The most scientific way to measure your weight is to calculate your Body Mass Index (BMI). This is your weight in kilograms divided by your height in metres, squared. In the UK, people with a BMI of between 25 and 30 are overweight, and those with an index above 30 are  obese. People with a BMI of 40 or more are morbidly obese. The best way of tackling obesity is to reduce the amount of calories that you eat, and ensure that you take regular and sufficient exercise. Your GP  can  give you further information and advice about how you can do this. http://www.nhs.uk/Tools/PublishingImages/bmi_tease.gif Exercise Regular exercise will make your heart and blood circulatory system more efficient. It will also  lower your cholesterol level and  keep your blood pressure at a healthy level, all of which will lower your risk of developing vascular dementia. For most people, 30 minutes of vigorous exercise a day, at least five times a week, is recommended. The exercise should be strenuous enough to  make your heart beat faster, and you should feel slightly out of breath afterwards. Examples of vigorous exercise include going for a brisk walk or walking up a hill. Alcohol Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol will cause a rise in your blood pressure, and raise the cholesterol level in your blood. Sticking to the recommended limits for alcohol consumption is the best way to ensure that you reduce the risk of high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and vascular dementia. The recommended daily levels of alcohol consumption are  three to four  units of alcohol for men, and  two to three  units for women. A unit of alcohol is equal to about half a pint of normal strength lager, a small glass of wine or a pub measure (25ml) of spirits. http://www.nhs.uk/Tools/PublishingImages/do_you_drink_tease.gif Smoking Smoking can cause your arteries to narrow, which can lead to a rise in your blood pressure. It is also a major risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases, cancer and vascular dementia. The NHS Smoking Helpline offers advice and encouragement to help  you stop smoking. You can call on 0800 022 4332 or visit the NHS Go Smokefree website (see Useful links). Your GP or pharmacist will also be able to give you help and advice about giving up smoking. Preventing other types of dementia There is some evidence that rates of dementia are lower in people who remain as mentally and physically active as possible throughout their lives, and have a wide range of different activities and hobbies. Some activities that may reduce the risk of developing dementia include: reading, writing for pleasure, learning foreign languages, playing musical instruments, taking part in adult education courses, playing tennis, playing golf, swimming, group sports, such as bowling, and walking. There is no evidence that playing brain training computer games reduces the risk of dementia. Dementia (souce,Bupa) reventing vascular dementia While it is not possible to prevent all cases of dementia, there are some measures that  can help  prevent vascular dementia, as well as cardiovascular diseases, such as strokes and heart attacks.  As experts in treating dementia often say, What is good for your heart is also good for your head. The best ways to prevent vascular dementia are: Eat a healthy diet. Maintain a healthy weight. Get sufficient and regular exercise.   Drink alcohol in moderation. Dont smoke. Diet To help prevent dementia, a low-fat and  high-fibre diet is recommended. This includes plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables (five portions a day) and wholegrains. Limit the amount of salt that you eat to no more than  six grams  a day. Too much salt will increase your blood pressure, which puts you at risk of vascular dementia. One teaspoonful of salt is about six grams. Avoid eating foods that are high in saturated fat because this will increase your cholesterol level, which also puts you at risk of vascular dementia. Foods high in saturated fat include: meat pies, sausages and fatty cuts of meat, butter, ghee (clarified butter, often used in Indian cooking), lard, cream, hard cheese, cakes and biscuits, and foods that contain coconut or palm oil. Eating some foods that are high in unsaturated fat can decrease your cholesterol level. Foods high in unsaturated fat include: oily fish, avocados, nuts and seeds, and sunflower, rapeseed and olive oils. Weight Being overweight can increase your blood pressure, which increases the risk of vascular dementia. This  risk is higher if you are obese. The most scientific way to measure your weight is to calculate your Body Mass Index (BMI). This is your weight in kilograms divided by your height in metres, squared. In the UK, people with a BMI of between 25 and 30 are overweight, and those with an index above 30 are  obese. People with a BMI of 40 or more are morbidly obese. The best way of tackling obesity is to reduce the amount of calories that you eat, and ensure that you take regular and sufficient exercise. Your GP  can  give you further information and advice about how you can do this. http://www.nhs.uk/Tools/PublishingImages/bmi_tease.gif Exercise Regular exercise will make your heart and blood circulatory system more efficient. It will also  lower your cholesterol level and  keep your blood pressure at a healthy level, all of which will lower your risk of developing vascular dementia. For most people, 30 minutes of vigorous exercise a day, at least five times a week, is recommended. The exercise should be strenuous enough to  make your heart beat faster, and you should feel slightly out of breath afterwards. Examples of vigorous exercise include going for a brisk walk or walking up a hill. Alcohol Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol will cause a rise in your blood pressure, and raise the cholesterol level in your blood. Sticking to the recommended limits for alcohol consumption is the best way to ensure that you reduce the risk of high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and vascular dementia. The recommended daily levels of alcohol consumption are  three to four  units of alcohol for men, and  two to three  units for women. A unit of alcohol is equal to about half a pint of normal strength lager, a small glass of wine or a pub measure (25ml) of spirits. http://www.nhs.uk/Tools/PublishingImages/do_you_drink_tease.gif

The Rise Of The Nuclear Weapon Into A Political Weapon Essay -- essays

During last 50 years of development, the nuclear bomb, as the ultimate weapon became the peacekeeping force on the earth. The nuclear bomb was developed in Manhattan project during the WW II and was successfully tested in the New Mexico on July 16 1945. At this point started the change of nuclear weapon from ultimate weapon to political weapon. USA decided to use the atomic bomb to defeat Japan in order to save around 500.000 lives of American soldiers that were needed to end the war and in the summer 1945 the USA dropped two bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The nuclear weapon raised the confidence of USA but president Truman did not ordered its mass production because at that time he saw no explicit political function for the bomb. USA even tried to internationalize control of the bomb under the UNITED NATIONS but the Soviets were reluctant to support American plan for two reasons. To stop soviet nuclear program before developing the first soviet bomb would give Americans permanent lead in nuclear weapons technology. Soviets believed that instruments of force always have political capabilities. For the Kremlin weapons were political tools. This led Americans to the same conclusion. The beginning of Cold War created several political functions of nuclear weapons: nuclear deterrence, alliance building, and international prestige. The Nuclear Bomb was developed as the weapon of war at the end of the Second World War. Nuclear Deterrence was than the natural function of nuclear bomb. The atomic bomb had a function of â€Å"natural deterrence† at the early beginning of Cold War when Soviets did not have nuclear weapons. The Soviets would not attack West Europe because they would risk war with USA and USA had atomic bomb that was seen by Soviets as the essence of deterrence. USA also believed that if Soviets finish their own bomb they would not be deterred by USA and its nuclear arsenal therefore the West Europe would become vulnerable. After the Soviets detonated its own bomb in September 1949, the Truman administration abandoned its policy of natural deterrence and ordered the development of more powerful hydrogen thermonuclear bomb. Since Soviet nuclear bombs deterred US deterrence, Truman sought a way to restore deterrence. He ordered a study by the Department of State’s policy planning staff and the result, NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL PAPER 68 (NSC-68), went to Tru... ...r weapons that would give him the leadership in Arab world and he could organize and lead an alliance against Israel. The increasing proliferation of nuclear technology in areas of simmering regional conflicts increases the probability of nuclear war. During the 50 years of existence, the real function of nuclear power was changed from direct use as a weapon of war through deterrence tool to the ticket to nuclear club that means the sing of superpower. References Atomic Archive. (1997,April 6). Timeline [WWW document]. < http://www.atomicarchive.com/Timeline/Timeline.shtml> Atomic Archive. (1997,April 6). Arms Control Treaties [WWW document]. http://www.atomicarchive.com/ACTreaty.shtml Foreign policy in focus. (1999,November). In Focus: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy at the End of the Century: Lost Opportunities and New Dangers. [WWW document]. http://www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol4/v4n25nuc.html Nuclear History at the National Security Archive [WWW document]. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/NC/nuchis.html The Bulletin of Atomic Scientist. (1999,December). Where they were. [WWW document]. http://www.bullatomsci.org/issues/1999/nd99/nd99norris.html

Wars - The Results Lead to Further Conflicts :: World History

Wars - The Results Lead to Further Conflicts During the twentieth century, conclusions of wars created the conditions for subsequent wars. Whether it was the conquered or the conqueror, few ever remain content past an initial truce. Two examples of this can be found in the events that lead up to WWII and the constant conflict in the Middle East. The conclusion and consequences of World War I created many issues, which helped intensify World War II. The Treaty of Versailles, which outlined the restitutions Germany was to pay, was a major upset for the German people. Even though Germany lost the war, the German people's sense of nationalism was still alive and sections of the Treaty, such as Article 231 (the War Guilt Clause), fueled German anger. German economy was destroyed due to heavy reparations payments. The onslaught of the American Stock Market Crash caused a German depression. German resentment over the Treaty of Versailles stayed with the people for years until Adolf Hitler played upon the people's anger. Hitler's machinations eventually lead into WWII. Another outcome of WWI was the creation of The League of Nations. The victors of WWI wanted to implement a system of collective security, designed to resolve future conflicts using peaceful methods. Unfortunately, the League proved ineffective, which prompted leaders such as Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler to take aggressive action against their enemies. In 1936, civil unrest in Spain erupted into a war that further encouraged the beginning of WWII. Countries such as Germany, Italy and USSR lent their support without hesitation, whereas Britain, France and the US did not. This gave Germany and the USSR the impression that Britain and France were weak militarily and could be easily subdued. To many, this war was considered a training ground for Germany to test military tactics that would be used in WWII. During WWII, the US and USSR were forced to band together to defeat their common enemy, Hitler. This alliance foreshadowed post-war tensions, as there were disagreements over wartime strategy. Issues such as the Polish Question, spheres of influence, the Berlin Blockade/Airlift, NATO and the Marshall Plan, which were ultimately about communism vs. democracy, lead to military conflicts such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. In the Middle East, tensions between Jews and Arabs have been present since biblical times. When the Jewish state of Israel was created in 1948 in the Arab homeland of Palestine, severe unrest emerged between the two groups and the Palestinian War began.

The Alamo :: Essays Papers

THE ALAMO In San Antonio in early 1836, 6,000 Mexicans marched to The Alamo to fight a groups of Texas of 187 strong, They were led by Colonel William B. Travis. During 10 days of fighting, the Mexicans climbed over the wall’s of The Alamo., to defeat the Texans they killed a woman . her baby, and a slave were killed. Among the dead were frontiersmen Davy Crockett and the Bowie brothers. Following, is a description of how the Alamo fell. On February 24, 1836 Colonel Travis wrote a letter requesting aid in his own handwriting to all the people of Texas and all Americans. It was carried to Gonzales by Captain Albert Martin, It was first delivered upon his arrival on the Feb 25th to Smithers. Who then carried it on the San Felipe on the Feb. 27th. His letter explained the difficulty him and his men were having defending The Alamo against Santa Anna and his men. At the end of the letter he explains that if they do not receive aid, then they will fight till VICTORY OR DEATH. He also explains that, to this point, no men has lost his life. Following is an exact replica of his writing. COLONEL TRAVIS LETTER: â€Å"Commandancy of the AlamoBexar, Fby. 24th, 1836 To the People of Texas and All Americans in the World Fellow Citzens & Compatriots---I am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna---I have sustained a continual Bombardment & cannonade for 24 hours & have not lost a man---The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion , otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken---I have answered the demand with a cannon shot, & our flag still waves proudly from the walls---I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism, & everything dear to the American character, to come are tour aid, with all dispatch---The enemy is receiving reinforcements daily & will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four of five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible & die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor & that of h is country.